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to many of the soldiers in an organization. It is the conviction that if they start trouble it will be with the entire platoon or company and not merely with an individual that awes them. 229. Weapons.-The normal weapons of the troops are heavy and unwieldy when used as clubs, and their use as such may result in defeat. A rifle used as a club may be easily seized and wrested from the soldier. It is best to avoid hand to hand fighting whenever possible. The riot stick is the chief offensive weapon for use against crowds, firearms being used only as a last resort in extreme cases. In many cases the bayonet may be used to avoid bloodshed, but care must be exercised in its use against mobs larger than the force employed. Once surrounded and engaged in hand to hand fighting, the troops immediately lose their superior advantage in weapons and training.

230. Surprise.-Surprise is of great value in handling crowds. A blow struck from an unexpected angle, or at an unexpected time, may be the means of lightening the ultimate task. Strike the first blow hard and with all available force, exclusive of the reserves, if immediate success is to be gained and order restored.

231. Flanks.-The flanks of a street crowd are always its long sides, regardless of the direction in which it is facing. An attack made on a short side necessitates pushing the whole mass of the crowd; an attack on a long side offers less resistance due to lack of depth, and often results in splitting the crowd into two or more parts. A crowd that is split is more easily dispersed than one that is intact.

232. Division.-Do not attempt to do more than the force at hand will permit, after making full allowance for the necessary supports and reserves. If the crowd is too large to deal with as a whole, it is best to split it into several parts and disperse them separately.

233. Plan of action.-Formulate a definite plan of action before striking, and fully inform yourself that your subordinates understand it and adhere thereto.

234. Reports.-Communication must be maintained between all parts of the command, subordinates on detached duty being required to keep their superiors advised of their actions and dispositions. A report that everything is quiet is the most useful information that can be sent.

235. Patrols.-Once a crowd is definitely broken up, patrols may be used to keep the street open and break up immediately any threatening groups which may try to form. Motor patrols

are especially suited for this duty. Open automobiles are the best for patrolling, the tops being folded down in all cases.

236. Concentration.-Troops on riot duty should be held together and not scattered too widely. If numerous patrols are Men sent out, a strong reserve, with means for its rapid transportation, must be maintained for use in case trouble occurs. should not be sent singly, nor in groups of two or three, to guard street cars, trucks, freight or passenger cars. patrols of at least four men are better suited for this purpose. A man on a street car or automobile is in such a position as to be able to offer it or himself little or no protection.

Motor

237. Mob tactics.-Mob tactics differ from crowd tactics in that an engagement with a mob is usually short, sharp, and decisive, while a crowd may require considerably more time to disperse it, due to less drastic crowd tactics. Action against a mob is usually accompanied by the use of firearms, and, in some cases, it may be necessary to dislodge it from behind barricades or fortified houses. A mob should be attacked, whenever possible, on two sides simultaneously. Parallel street columns and flanking detachments are effective against mobs which have already formed prior to the arrival of the troops. Well-trained cavalry or mounted police are especially fitted for Little or no opportunity will be present for use against mobs. the employment of open country or interior riot tactics in peace time.

238. For complete details of riot duty see War Department Document No. 882, edition of July 15, 1919, and Militia Bureau pamphlet "A treatise on riot duty for the National Guard," edition of May, 1920, from which the foregoing principles and formations have been taken.

ARTICLES OF WAR

239. Chapter II of the national defense act prescribes certain articles of war to govern the armies of the United States. These articles have no direct application to the National Guard not in Federal service, except in so far as they shall have been adopted in whole or in part by State legislative enactment. (See N. G. R. No. 37.) They are in general directly applicable to the National Guard when in Federal service. Accordingly, such of said articles as are required to be read to the soldier upon enlistment or muster in, and periodically thereafter, are quoted below so that they may be conveniently accessible for the instruction of the National Guard, as well as for its use and guidance in event of Federal service.

ARTICLE 1. Definitions.-The following words when used in these articles shall be construed in the sense indicated in this article, unless the context shows that a different sense is intended, namely:

a. The word "officer" shall be construed to refer to a commissioned officer.

b. The word "soldier” shall be construed as including a noncommissioned officer, a private, or any other enlisted man. c. The word "company" shall be understood as including a troop or battery.

d. The word "battalion" shall be understood as including a squadron.

ART. 2. Persons subject to military law.-The following persons are subject to these articles, and shall be understood as included in the term " any person subject to military law," or "persons subject to military law," whenever used in these articles: Provided, That nothing contained in this act, except as specifically provided in article 2, subparagraph c, shall be construed to apply to any person under the United States naval jurisdiction unless otherwise specifically provided by law.

a. All officers, members of the Army Nurse Corps, warrant officers, and soldiers belonging to the Regular Army of the United States; all volunteers, from the dates of their muster or acceptance into the military service of the United States; and

all other persons lawfully called, drafted, or ordered into, or to duty for training, in, the said service, from the dates they are required by the terms of the call, draft, or order to obey the same.

b. Cadets.

c. Officers and soldiers of the Marine Corps when detached for service with the armies of the United States by order of the President: Provided, That an officer or soldier of the Marine Corps, when so detached, may be tried by military court-martial for an offense committed against the laws for the government of the naval service prior to his detachment, and for an offense committed against these articles he may be tried by a naval court-martial after such detachment ceases.

d. All retainers to the camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the armies of the United States without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and in time of war all such retainers and persons accompanying or serving with the armies of the United States in the field, both within and without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, though not otherwise subject to these articles.

e. All persons under sentence adjudged by courts-martial. f. All persons admitted into the Regular Army Soldiers' Home at Washington, D. C.

ART. 28. Certain acts to constitute desertion.-Any officer who, having tendered his resignation, and prior to due notice of the acceptance of the same, quits his post or proper duties without leave and with intent to absent himself permanently therefrom shall be deemed a deserter.

Any soldier who, without having first received a regular discharge, again enlists in the Army, or in the militia when in the service of the United States, or in the Navy or Marine Corps of the United States, or in any foreign army, shall be deemed to have deserted the service of the United States; and where the enlistment is in one of the forces of the United States mentioned above, to have fraudulently enlisted therein. Any person subject to military law who quits his organization or place of duty with the intent to avoid hazardous duty or to shirk important service shall be deemed a deserter.

ART. 54. Fraudulent enlistment.-Any person who shall procure himself to be enlisted in the military service of the United States by means of willful misrepresentation or concealment as to his qualifications for enlistment, and shall receive pay or allowances under such enlistment, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 55. Officer making unlawful enlistment.-Any officer who knowingly enlists or musters into the military service any person whose enlistment or muster in is prohibited by law, regulations, or orders shall be dismissed from the service or shall suffer such punishment as a court-martial may direct. ART. 57. False returns-Omission to render returns.-Every officer whose duty it is to render to the War Department or other superior authority a return of the state of the troops under his command, or of the arms, ammunition, clothing, funds, or other property thereunto belonging, who knowingly makes a false return thereof, shall be dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. And any officer who, through neglect or design, omits to render such return shall be punished as a courtmartial may direct.

ART. 58. Desertion.-Any person subject to military law who deserts or attempts to desert the service of the United States shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, and if the offense be committed at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a court-martial may direct.

ART. 59. Advising or aiding another to desert.-Any person subject to military law who advises or persuades or knowingly assists another to desert the service of the United States shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, and if the offense be committed at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a court-martial may direct.

ART. 60. Entertaining a deserter. Any officer who, after having discovered that a soldier in his command is a deserter from the military or naval service or from the Marine Corps, retains such deserter in his command without informing superior authority or the commander of the organization to which the deserter belongs, shall be punished as a courtmartial may direct.

ART. 61. Absence without leave.-Any person subject to military law who fails to repair at the fixed time to the properly appointed place of duty, or goes from the same without proper leave, or absents himself from his command, guard, quarters, station, or camp without proper leave, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 62. Disrespect toward the President, Vice President, Congress, Secretary of War, governors, legislatures.—Any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespectful words against the

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