once repeated his call and if there is no other possible means of preventing his escape, the sentinel will fire at him.

g. Members of the prisoner guard placed over prisoners for work will receive specific and explicit instructions covering the required work. They will be responsible that the prisoners under their charge properly and satisfactorily perform the designated work.

h. On approaching the post of No. 1 at the guardhouse a sentinel of the prisoner guard in charge of prisoners will halt them and call "No. 1 (so many) prisoners.' He will not allow them to cross the post of the sentinel until so directed by the corporal of the guard.

i. A prisoner does not salute.

351. Compliment from a guard.-a. The compliment from a guard consists in the guard turning out and presenting arms. No compliment from a guard is paid between retreat and reveille.

b. Though a guard does not turn out between retreat and reveille as a matter of compliment it may be turned out at any time for inspection by a person entitled to inspect it or as a precaution of security.

c. The guard will pay the compliment

(1) When the national or regimental color or standard, not cased, is carried past the guardhouse by a guard or an armed party. This rule also applies when the party carrying the color or colors is at drill. If the drill is conducted in the vicinity of the guardhouse, the guard will be turned out when the color or colors first pass and not thereafter.

(2) To the remains of a deceased officer or soldier passing the guardhouse.

(3) Upon the approach of armed parties except troops at drill and reliefs and detachments of the guard.

(4) The following persons are entitled to the compliment: The President, an ex-President, the Vice President, the Presi dent of a foreign republic, a foreign sovereign, a member of a reigning royal family, members of the Cabinet, the President pro tempore of the Senate, American or foreign ambassadors, the Chief Justice, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the governors within their respective States or Territories or a governor general and the civil governor of the Philippine Islands,

the Assistant Secretary of War, American or foreign envoys or ministers, general officers of the Regular Army, general officers of foreign services, officers of the Navy of the relative rank of general officer, general officers of the Marine Corps, general officers of the National Guard and Organized Reserves in the active service of the United States, commanding officers of brigades, artillery districts, coast defense commands, or posts within their respective commands, field officer of the day, and officer of the day.

d. Guards will not be turned out on Sundays as a matter of compliment for officers of the Army of the United States, or the United States Navy, or Marine Corps.

352. Notice of presence of distinguished persons.-The commander of the guard will be notified of the presence in the post of all persons entitled to the compliment except such as are habitually there, and sentinels will be advised accordingly.

353. Salutes and reports.-a. Between reveille and retreat when the guard has been turned out for any person entitled to the compliment the commander of the guard, if an officer, receives the report of the sergeant, returns the salute, draws his saber, and places himself 3 paces in front of the center of the guard. When the person for whom the guard has been turned out approaches, the commander of the guard salutes if the guard is not armed with rifles. If it is armed with rifles he faces the guard and commands: 1. Present, 2. ARMS, then faces to the front and salutes, and when his salute has been acknowledged, resumes carry saber, faces about, commands: 1. Order, 2. ARMS, and faces to the front.

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b. If the guard is turned out for an officer entitled to inspect it, after saluting (and before bringing the guard to order arms), the commander of the guard reports Sir, all present or accounted for "; or Sir (so-and-so) absent"; or, if the roll call has been omitted, 66 Sir, the guard is formed."

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c. Between retreat and reveille the commander of the guard salutes and reports but does not bring the guard to present

arms.

d. To those entitled to have the guard turned out, but not entitled to inspect it, no report is made; nor is a report made to any officer unless he halts in front of the guard.

e. When a guard commanded by a noncommissioned officer is turned out as a compliment or for inspection, he takes post as prescribed for an officer and renders the proper salute according as he is armed.

f. After any person has received or declined the compliment or received the salute from the commander of the guard with the guard at attention, official recognition of his presence thereafter, while he remains in the vicinity, will be taken by bringing the guard to attention only.

354. Raising and lowering the flag.--Normally a detail consisting of one noncommissioned officer and two privates of the guard, with side arms or belts only, raises or lowers the flag. The noncommissioned officer carrying the flag forms the detail in line, takes his post in the center, and marches it to the staff. The flag is then attached to the halyards and rapidly raised. The halyards are fastened to the cleat on the staff and the detail marched to the guardhouse. When the flag is displayed at halfstaff it is first hoisted to the top of the staff and then lowered to the halfstaff position. Before lowering the flag for the day it is again raised to the top of the staff. A flag in any position below the top of the staff (chockablock) is technically in the halfstaff position, but in general the middle point of the hoist of a flag at halfstaff, in the case of an unguyed flagstaff of one piece, should be halfway between the top of the staff and the foot thereof, or, in the case of a flagstaff with crosstree or guy cables, halfway between the top of the staff and the crosstree or point of attachment of the guy cables. Local conditions, such as the liability of fouling the flag, may, however, dictate other positions, a graceful one being with the top of the flag the depth of the hoist below the top of the staff. When the flag is to be lowered the halyards are loosened from the staff and made perfectly free. When lowered from the staff no portion of it will be allowed to touch the ground, either in lowering or folding. Before being completely detached from the halyards the flag should be folded into the shape of a cocked hat. The detail is then reformed and marched to the guardhouse, where the flag is turned over to the commander of the guard. The flag should always be raised or lowered from the leeward side of the staff, the halyards being held by two persons.

MISCELLANEOUS

355. Guard patrols.-A guard patrol consists of one or more men detailed for the performance of some special service connected with guard duty such as patrolling a certain portion of the post, or looking for escaped prisoners.

356. Watchmen.-a. Enlisted men may be detailed as watchmen and as such receive their orders and perform their duties as the commanding officer may direct.

b. When enlisted men are thus employed, they are formed into one or more detachments under the command of a noncommissioned officer and with sufficient noncommissioned officers to function independently. The commanding officer makes such rules for the watchmen system as will meet the requirements of the post. Tours of not longer than 6 or 8 hours with change of posts not oftener than every 6 days may be considered normal. Sufficient supernumeraries must be provided so that watchmen will be off duty one day in each seven. Old and experienced men should be used for this service.

357. Special guards.-Special guards will generally be mounted informally. Sentinels will be posted and relieved according to the general principles of sentinels of the main guard unless circumstances make this impracticable. Sentinels of special guards armed with the rifle, except stable or park guards, will salute by executing rifle salute.

358. Saluting gun.-The morning and evening salutes are fired by a detachment of the guard consisting of one noncommissioned officer and two privates. The noncommissioned officer marches the detachment to and from the gun which is fired and sponged out under his direction.

359. Extra orders to commander of the guard.-All material instructions given to a member of the guard by an officer having authority to do so will be promptly communicated to the commander of the guard by the officer giving them.

DEFENSE AGAINST CHEMICAL WARFARE

(T. R. 155-5-Part)

360. General considerations.-a. Object of instruction.-The object of training in defense against chemical warfare is to prepare the Army to resist with a minimum of casualties any attack that may be made against it by an enemy employing chemical agents.

b. Limitations of apparatus.-The apparatus used by our Army for protection against gas is a compromise between absolute protection and practical considerations in regard to its use in the field, such as maximum comfort, lightness, and simplicity. The amount of protection actually attained varies according to the chemical agent used, being high in the case of those which attack the lungs only, but only moderate in the case of those which attack the skin and other parts of the body. c. Gas discipline and training.-Gas attacks properly executed will always cause some casualties. The object of gas discipline is to reduce these casualties to a minimum. Chemical warfare depends for its greatest success on surprise, and it is especially effective against poorly trained troops. There is a striking difference in gas casualties between troops which have good gas discipline and those which have not. The state of gas discipline of a command is an excellent indication of general training and efficiency.

d. Responsibility of commanding officers.-The commanding officer is responsible for the proper training and instruction and for the conduct of operations of his command in defense against chemical warfare. In carrying out these duties he is assisted by his staff, such specially selected instructors as may be necessary, and chemical warfare officers on the staffs of Army, corps, and division commanders appointed for that purpose.

e. Elimination of fear.-Instruction should be given with a view to eliminating the undue fear of gas that so commonly exists. The average soldier has a great respect for but not an unwholesome fear of the high-explosive shell. His attitude toward gas and high explosive should be the same. Each is a