b. Military authority, how exercised.Military authority will be exercised with firmness, kindness, and justice. Punishments will conform to law and follow offenses as promptly as circumstances will permit.

c. Military courtesy.-Courtesy among military men is indispensable to discipline; respect to superiors will not be confined to obedience on duty, but will be extended on all occasions.

9. Relationship of superiors toward subordinates.-Superiors are forbidden to injure those under their authority by tyrannical or capricious conduct or by abusive language. While maintaining discipline and the thorough and prompt performance of military duty, all officers, in dealing with enlisted men, will bear in mind the absolute necessity of so treating them as to preserve their self-respect. A grave duty rests on all officers and particularly upon organization commanders in this respect. Officers will impress upon the young soldiers lessons of patriotism and loyalty, will teach them the necessity for obedience and military discipline, and above all will impress upon them the necessity of obedience in the service. These lessons will be repeated again and again. The difference in the status of a soldier as compared with that of a civilian will be carefully explained. The Articles of War will be not only read to the enlisted men, but will be explained and their purpose laid before the young soldier in such a way as to make him understand that in becoming a soldier he has subjected himself to a new control and has assumed obligations of service that did not rest upon him as a civilian. Officers will keep in as close touch as possible with the men under their command, will take an interest in their organization life, will hear their complaints, will endeavor on all occasions to remove the existence of those causes which make for dissatisfaction, and will strive to build up such relations of confidence and sympathy as will insure the free approach of their men to them for counsel and assistance, not only in military and organizational matters, but in personal or family distress or perplexity. This relationship may be gained and maintained without relaxation of the bonds of discipline and with great benefit to the service as a whole.

OBEDIENCE

10. Discipline is evidenced by obedience. Obedience is the first and last military duty of a soldier, but it must be intelligent and trained obedience to be effective. It is then the foundation on which all military efficiency is built. Without

it an army becomes a mob, while with it a mob ceases to be a mob and becomes possessed of much of the power of an organized force. It is a quality that is demanded of every person in the Army, from the highest to the lowest. Each enlisted man binds himself, by his enlistment oath, to obedience. Each officer, in accepting his commission, takes upon himself the same solemn obligation.

11. Obey strictly and execute promptly the lawful orders of your superiors. It is enough to know that the person giving the order, whether he be an officer, a noncommissioned officer, or a private acting as such, is your lawful superior. You may not like him, you may not respect him, but you must respect his position and authority, and reflect honor and credit upon yourself and your profession by yielding to all superiors that complete and unhesitating obedience which is the pleasure as well as the duty of every true soldier.

12. Orders must be strictly carried out. It is not sufficient to comply with only that part which suits you or which involves no work nor danger nor hardship. Neither is it proper or permissible, when you are ordered to do a thing in a certain way or to accomplish a work in a definitely prescribed manner, for you to obtain the same results by other methods.

13. Obedience must be prompt and unquestioning. When any soldier (and this word includes officers as well as enlisted men) receives an order, it is not for him to consider whether the order is a good one or not, whether it would have been better had such an order never been given, or whether the duty might be better performed by some one else, or at some other time, or in some other manner. His duty is, first, to understand just what the order requires, and, second, to proceed at once to carry it out to the best of his ability.

14. When, by long-continued drill and subordination, you have learned your duties, and obedience becomes second nature, you have acquired discipline. It can not be acquired in a day nor in a month. It is a growth. It is the habit of obedience. To teach this habit of obedience is one of the objects of the close-order drill, and, if good results are to be expected, the greatest attention must be paid to even the smallest details. The company or squad must be formed promptly at the prescribed time-not a minute or even a second late. All must wear the exact uniform prescribed and in the exact manner prescribed. When at attention there must be no gazing about, no raising of hands, no chewing or spitting in ranks. The manual of arms and all movements must be executed absolutely

as prescribed. A drill of this kind teaches discipline. A careless, indifferent drill breeds disobedience and insubordination. In other words, discipline simply means efficiency.

LOYALTY

15. But even with implicit obedience you may yet fail to measure up to that high standard which is at once the pride and glory of every true soldier. Not until you carry out the desires and wishes of your superiors in a hearty, willing, and cheerful manner are you meeting all the requirements of your profession. For an order is but the will of your superior, however it may be expressed. Loyalty means that you are for your organization and its officers and noncommissioned officersnot against them; that you always extend your most earnest and hearty support to those in authority. No soldier is a loyal soldier who is a knocker, a grumbler, or a shirker. Just one man of this class in a company breeds discontent and dissatisfaction among many others. You should, therefore, not only guard against doing such things yourself but should discourage such actions among any of your comrades.

MILITARY COURTESY

16. In all walks of life men who are gentlemanly and of good breeding are always respectful and courteous to those about them. It helps to make life move along more smoothly. In civil life this courtesy is shown by the custom of tipping the hat to ladies, shaking hands with friends, and greeting persons with a nod or a friendly "Good morning," etc. In the Army courtesy is just as necessary, and for the same reasons. helps to keep the great machine moving without friction.

It

17. One method of extending this courtesy is by saluting. When in ranks the question of what a private should do is simple he obeys any command that is given. It is when out of ranks that a private must know how and when to salute.

SALUTING

18. In the old days the freemen of Europe were all allowed to carry weapons, and when they met each would hold up his right hand to show that he had no weapon in it and that they met as friends. Slaves or serfs, however, were not allowed to carry weapons, and slunk past the freemen without making

any sign. In this way the salute came to be the symbol or sign by which soldiers (freemen) might recognize each other. The lower classes began to imitate the soldiers in this respect, although in a clumsy, apologetic way, and thence crept into civil life the custom of raising the hand or nodding as one passed an acquaintance. The soldiers, however, kept their individual salute, and purposely made it intricate and difficult to learn in order that it could be acquired only by the constant training all real soldiers received. To this day armies have preserved their salute, and when correctly done it is at once recognized and never mistaken for that of the civilian. All soldiers should be careful to execute the salute exactly as prescribed. The civilian who tries to imitate the military salute invariably makes some mistake which shows that he is not a real soldier; he gives it in an apologetic manner, he fails to stand or march at attention, his coat is unbuttoned or hat on awry, or he fails to look the person saluted in the eye. There is a wide difference in the method of rendering and the meaning between the civilian salute as used by friends in passing, or by servants to their employees, and the military salute, the symbol and sign of the military profession. The manner of saluting is prescribed in paragraphs 25 and 246. The occasions for saluting are prescribed in paragraphs 20-29.

COURTESIES IN CONVERSATION

19. In speaking to an officer always stand at attention and use the word Sir." Examples:

"Sir, Private Brown, Company B, reports as orderly."

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'Sir, the first sergeant directed me to report to the captain." (Question by an officer.) "To what company do you belong?" (Answer.) Company H, sir."

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(Question by an officer.)

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Has first call for drill sounded?" (Answer.) No, sir; or "Yes, sir; it sounded about five minutes ago."

(Question by an officer.)

Major Smith's tent is?"

"Can you tell me, please, where

(Answer.) "Yes, sir; I'll take you to it."

Use the third person in speaking to an officer. Examples: "Does the lieutenant wish," etc.

"Did the captain send for me?"

In delivering a message from one officer to another, always use the form similar to the following: "Lieutenant A presents his compliments to Captain B and states," etc.

This form is not

used when the person sending or receiving the message is an enlisted man. In all official conversation refer to other soldiers by their titles, thus: Sergeant B, Private C.

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SALUTES

(A. R. 600-25 and 600-30)

20. When the national anthem is played.-a. Whenever or wherever the national anthem is played or "To the color " (standard) sounded, at the first note thereof all dismounted officers and enlisted men present, but not in formation, will stand at attention," facing the music, and render the prescribed salute (see par. 25), except that at "Escort of the color" or at "Retreat" they will face toward the color or flag. The position of salute will be retained until the last note of the music is sounded. Those mounted on animals will halt and render the salute mounted. Vehicles in motion will be brought to a halt. Occupants of vehicles (except drivers) will dismount. Drivers of vehicles will sit at "attention." Individuals leading animals or standing to horse will stand at "attention" but will not salute.

b. The same marks of respect prescribed in a above will be shown toward the national anthem of any other country when played upon official occasions.

21. To national and regimental colors.—All persons in the military service and bodies of troops will salute the uncased national or regimental color (standard). When field music is present with troops "To the color" (standard) will be

sounded.

22. Definitions.-a. Out of doors.-Structures such as drill halls, riding halls, gymnasiums, and other roofed inclosures used for drill or exercise of troops are considered as out of doors.

b. Indoors.-When the word "indoors" is used in these regulations it is construed to mean being in offices, hallways, kitchens, orderly rooms, amusement rooms, bathrooms, dwellings, etc. c. Under arms.-The expression "under arms will be understood to mean

(1) With arms in hand.

(2) Having attached to the person a hand arm or the equipment pertaining directly to the arm, such as cartridge belt, pistol holster, automatic rifle belt. Exception: Officers wearing the officers' belt, model 1921, without arms attached.