or material. Billets do not, however, favor a high degree of readiness for action, and the tactical situation usually renders their use inadvisable in close proximity to the enemy. The danger of the transmission of disease inherent in billeting requires careful inspections and strict enforcement of sanitary rules. Insufficiency in billeting space frequently results in a combination of billets with other forms of shelter (close billets).

97. Arrangements for sheltering troops are, as far as practicable, made before their arrival. The preparations for quartering a command are made by means of quartering parties composed of a staff officer of the command with the necessary. assistants, a medical officer, and representatives of the several units. The staff officer of the command is the chief quartering officer. The duties of quartering parties are to select the quartering area when this has not already been determined and make arrangements for its occupancy with the proper authority; to apportion the area to the subordinate units and allot to each the available facilities for its administration and supply, subject to the approval of the area commander; to reserve facilities for the general service of supply, administration, and command (headquarters, infirmaries, message centers, guards, etc.); in general, to take the necessary measures to assure that all agencies of command, administration, and supply continue functioning with the least possible interruption after' the arrival of the troops.

THE SELECTION OF CAMP AND BIVOUAC SITES

98. The general location of camps and bivouacs is determined by service requirements. A camp or bivouac must be located with reference to the main objectives of the troops. Within the limitations by these objectives, every possible consideration is given to the requirements of sanitation, administration, and supply, and the comfort of the troops.

99. The following sanitary considerations are of especial importance:

Drainage. The site should be sufficiently high and rolling to drain off the storm water.

Dryness.-Porous soil covered with a stout turf and underlaid by a gravelly or sandy subsoil is best; a clay subsoil is usually damp and impermeable. Alluvial soils, marshy ground," and ground near the foot of a range of hills are usually damp.' Dry beds of streams are subject to sudden freshet.

Freedom from sources of infection.-The available water supply should be free from contamination; the proximity of marshes or stagnant water is undesirable on account of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit; old camp sites are often permeated by elements of disease which persist for considerable periods.

Considerations of convenience of administration and supply include the following:

Convenience of the site to an abundant water supply.

Adequacy of roads leading to the camp and of necessary communications within the camp.

Ready availability of wood, forage, straw, and other supplies. 100. Comfort of the troops is promoted by selecting a shelter area large enough for their accommodation without crowding and affording means of interior communication without compelling the troops of one unit to pass through the area of another; in hot weather, selecting a site shaded by trees, free from underbrush, and sufficiently high to obtain the benefit of prevailing breezes; in cold weather, locating the site on ground sloping to the south or with woods to break the north wind.

SANITATION

101. Immediately on going into shelter, guards are posted to enforce the proper use of the water supply. Places are designated for obtaining drinking and cooking water, for watering animals, for bathing, and for washing clothes. If the water supply is obtained from a small stream, these places are designated in the order stated, beginning upstream. The water supply furnished by small streams may be increased by building dams; springs may be dug out and lined with stones, boxes, or barrels. Surface drainage is kept out by a curb of clay. Water not known to be pure is chlorinated or boiled, then cooled and aerated.

102. Camps are kept in thorough police at all times. They are policed daily after breakfast, and all refuse matter is buried or burned. Tent walls are raised, and the bedding and clothing are aired daily, weather permitting. Immediately on going into bivouac latrines are constructed; this is a measure of fundamental sanitary importance, since the most serious epidemics in the field are spread from human excreta, by carriage of germs of disease from them by flies, or by pollution of the water supply by drainage into it. Latrines for the men are always located on the opposite side of the camp or bivouac

from the kitchens, generally one for each company unit and one for the officers of a battalion or similar unit. In evacuating a shelter area the site is thoroughly policed, fires put out, and latrines and kitchen pits filled and covered.

PERMANENT OR SEMIPERMANENT CAMPS

103. Where there are no cantonment buildings heavy tentage is pitched. This consists of the wall tents for officers, pyramidal tents for the enlisted men, the company office and supply tent, hospital tents for the hospital, storage tents for the supplies not issued to companies and which require protection from the weather, and for the regimental headquarters, common tents for latrines where materials for more suitable ones are not available, and wall tent flies for kitchens, where screened wooden buildings have not been provided.

104. Upon arrival at the camp site the commanding officer designates the line of the heads of company streets, the lines of company, battalion, and regimental officers' tents, and the order in which companies will go into camp (from the right— usually in the order of lettered companies A to M, headquarters company, howitzer company, and the service company, battalion headquarters companies on flank of the battalion). The right front corner of the first tent (facing with the tent) on the left (as viewed from the officers' line) in each company street should be marked with a tent peg when company commanders take charge of the tent pitching in their respective company streets.

105. The pyramidal tents of the company are usually pitched in two parallel lines, facing each other, about 50 feet apart. (For small peace-time companies one line may be preferable.) The lines are designated "right" and "left" as viewed from the line of officers' (wall) tents, which are pitched perpendicular to the line of pyramidal tents and facing them at about 75 feet. The line of tents is staked out by placing a tent pin for the position of the door of each tent at 30-foot intervals. This allows a 2-foot passageway between tents. The kitchen fly occupies the position of the first tent on the right. The company orderly room is the first tent on the left, the first sergeant and company clerk being assigned thereto. The second tent on the right is for the mess sergeant and cooks and the rations. The second (and third for Field Artillery) on the left for the company headquarters detachment. The last tent on the right is for the supply sergeant and artificers (mechanics) with their

supplies, tools, etc. The remainder of the tents on the line are occupied by squads intact in each one or two tents, depending on the amount of the tentage. Field Artillery organizations will be assigned by sections, each complete in adjacent tents. In mounted organizations the stable sergeant with his guard occupy a pyramidal tent at the picket line.

106. Summer training camps of the National Guard should be, and usually are, of the permanent camp type, having running water piped to all sections, electric lights, permanent buildings for mess halls and kitchens (screened), bathhouses, latrines, storage, and administration. It is seldom necessary to pitch tentage except for shelter of the personnel. There is, or should be, no pollution of the area, and it is improved by occupation year after year if scrupulous daily police is observed and there is a competitive spirit in the companies to make their streets and surroundings the most attractive, comfortable, and sanitary. In these camps the same sites for company streets are usually used year after year, and the instructions above for selecting the camp site and those as to laying out the camp do not apply. The double line of pyramidal tents of each company is located with the head toward the officers' line and parallel to it. The space between companies' lines of tents will be the same as that between tents on the company line-30 feet-if the ground is not restricted. The "officers' line" consists of the line of company officers' tents, those of each company opposite the head of the particular company street, the line of battalion commanders and their staffs in rear, in center of their respective battalions, and the regimental commander and staff in rear of them and midway between the regimental flanks. The regimental headquarters officer in a storage tent if available, in rear of the colonel's tent. Distances between the company, the battalion, and regimental officers' lines should be 30 to 50 feet, depending upon the configuration and adequacy of the site.

107. On practice marches, or when out from the permanent camp on maneuvers which involve one or more overnight camps, pyramidal tents are usually not taken both because sufficient transportation is not provided and of the unnecessary additional labor that would be required of the troops after a day's marching and maneuvering. At these times the shelter tents are used for shelter of the enlisted men. Unless the transportation is too limited to carry it or the simulated tacti

cal situation makes it inappropriate, the officers' wall tents are carried and used under these conditions. The instructions above as to the selection of the camp site, the sanitary requirements and the method of laying out the camp apply.

THE UNIFORM

108. The uniform for the Army of the United States (the Regular Army, the National Guard, when in State or Federal service, and the Reserve Corps), is prescribed by the War Department. The prescribed uniform is published in Army Regulations 600-35. The occasions for and method of wearing the uniform are prescribed in Army Regulations 600-40. Both are published to the National Guard in National Guard Regulations 77.

109. The award and supply of decorations, both by the United States and foreign governments, is governed by Army Regulations 600-45. The award and supply of service medals is governed by Army Regulations 600-65. The purpose and supply of service ribbons, bronze stars, etc., is announced in Army Regulations 600-85. The authority for wearing and supply of wound and war service chevrons and service stripes is announced in Army Regulations 600-95. The manner of wearing and the occasions upon which decorations, medals, etc., are worn are prescribed in Army Regulations 600-40. All the foregoing are published to the National Guard in National Guard Regulations 77.

110. Federally recognized National Guard officers will wear the letters "U. S." of gold or gilt, upon which is superimposed the letters, not to exceed four, in bronze, forming the authorized abbreviation of the name of the State. Enlisted men of the federally recognized National Guard will similarly wear the "U. S." on the collar disk with the State letters, in the same metal, superimposed. Insignia, shoulder sleeve, will be worn by all members of organizations for which such insignia has been approved by the War Department.

111. Insignia of rank worn-by officers on both shoulder loops, by warrant officers on collar, by noncommissioned officers and privates, first class, on both arms, are as follows:

General: Four silver stars.

Lieutenant general: Three silver stars.

Major general: Two silver stars.

Brigadier general: One silver star.

Colonel: A silver spread eagle, 4 inch in height and 1% inches between tips of wings.