underclothes and will grow and increase in such articles. Whenever possible roll up your tent so the air and sun can get in it. Keep it ventilated at night.

h. Wash your shirts, underwear, and socks frequently. The danger of blood poisoning and lockjaw from a wound is much greater if the bullet passes through dirty clothes.

i. Ditch your tent as soon as you can after it is put up, even if your camp is only for one night. If you do not, a little rain may spoil a whole night's rest.

j. Always prepare your bed before dark. If you have no cot, level off the ground and scrape out a little hollow for your hips. Get some straw or dry grass if possible. Green grass or branches from trees are better than nothing. Sleep on your poncho. This keeps the dampness from coming up from the ground and chilling your body.

k. Cooks in the field should use special care in warm weather to prevent food from spoiling, because ice and ice chests are usually lacking. Meats, particularly in the form of hash, if kept too long in hot weather, may cause a serious and fatal illness in a whole company. This is known as ptomaine or food poisoning.

166. Care of the feet.-A soldier can not march with sore feet, and marching is the main part of an infantryman's daily duty in the field. All soldiers should be familiar with the proper methods of caring for the feet. Sore feet are generally due to carelessness, neglect, or ignorance on the part of the soldier. The following matters should be given special attention:

a. The most important factor in the care of the feet and the marching ability of the soldier is the shoe. Civilian shoes, particularly light, patent leather, or low shoes, are sure to cause injury and in time will ruin a man's foot. Only the marching shoes issued by the Quartermaster Corps should be worn, and they must be properly fitted to the individual. It will not suffice to order a marching shoe of the same size as, one's ordinary civilian shoes, for it must be remembered that a soldier may have to march many miles daily over rough roads, carrying a heavy pack. The pack itself causes the foot to spread out to a larger size, and the rough roads give so much exercise to the muscles of the feet that they swell greatly through the increased blood supply.

b. Do not start out on a march wearing new shoes. This is a frequent cause of sore feet. Before beginning a march, new shoes should be properly "broken in" by wearing them for several hours daily for a week, and they should be adapted

to the contours of the feet, if necessary, by stretching them with shoe stretchers having adjustable knobs, to take the pressure off painful corns and bunions. Such stretchers are issued by the Quartermaster Corps, and there should be one or more pairs in every company of infantry. If it is desired to waterproof shoes at any time a considerable amount of neat's-foot oil should be rubbed into the leather. Waterproof leather causes the feet of some men to perspire unduly and keep them constantly soft.

c. Light woolen or heavy woolen socks will habitually be worn for marching; cotton socks should not be used unless specifically ordered by the surgeon. The socks need to be large enough to permit free movement of the toes, but not so loose as to permit of wrinkling. Darned socks or socks with holes in them are unfit for marching.

d. Until the feet have hardened they should be dusted with foot powder before each day's march; this can be obtained at the regimental infirmary. Clean socks should be worn daily.

e. As soon as possible after reaching camp after a day of marching the feet should be washed with soap and water, and the soldier should put on a dry pair of socks and his extra pair of shoes. If the skin is tender or the feet perspire, wash with warm salt water or alum water, but do not soak the feet a long time, as this, although very comforting at the time, tends to keep them soft. Should blisters appear on the feet, empty them by pricking at the lower edge with a pin which has been passed through the flame of a match, and cover them with zinc oxide plaster applied hot. This plaster can be obtained on request at the regimental infirmary. If serious abrasions appear on the feet, or corns, bunions, and ingrowing nails cause trouble, have your name placed on sick report and apply to the surgeon for treatment. Cut the toenails square (fairly close in the middle, but leaving the sides somewhat longer), as this prevents ingrowing nails. (See also pars. 115-119.)

PHYSICAL INSPECTIONS

(A. R. 615-250)

167. Regimental commanders and commanders of lower separate units will require a physical inspection of the enlisted men of their commands by their medical officers, the first day of the field training camp. An officer of the company being inspected will be present. This inspection will include:

An examination of the feet and footwear, the mouth and teeth, and the condition of personal cleanliness.

A careful investigation for the detection of communicable diseases, including venereal disease and vermin infestation.

A careful observation for anemia and other evidences of chronic degenerative changes.

In conducting this inspection noncommissioned officers will be inspected separately and as individuals.

PHYSICAL TRAINING

(Extracts from Manual of Physical Training-U. S. Army)

OBJECT

168. The objects which a course in physical training in the service aim to attain are the development of the physical attributes of every individual to the fullest extent of his possibilities.

These, in order of their importance, may be summed up as follows:

(a) General health and bodily vigor.
(b) Muscular strength and endurance.
(c) Self-reliance.

(d) Smartness, activity, and precision.

It is upon the first of these, health and bodily vigor, that the development of all the other qualities so essential in a soldier are dependent, and for that reason the maintenance of robust health and the development of organic vigor should be considered the primary object of this training.

169. It is not sufficient, however, for a soldier to be healthy; his profession demands that he possess more than the average amount of muscular strength and endurance in addition to good health, in order that he may be ready to exchange the comparative comforts of barrack life for the hardships of field service at any moment without diminishing his effectiveness. Hence, the preparatory training he receives must contain those elements that will enable him to do so successfully. With robust health as a basis, and with the knowledge that he is the possessor of more than average strength and endurance, he must be taught how to value the former and how to use the latter to the best advantage. By doing so he will unwittingly develop self-reliance, which, after all, is a physical quality, as it induces men to dare because of the consciousness of ability to do.

170. Smartness, activity, and precision are the physical expressions of mental activity. All are essential soldierly qualities, as they make for self-respect, neatness, and grace, which

combined spell discipline. Precision and exactitude should, therefore, always be insisted upon in the performance of all exercises prescribed. In the endeavor to attain the objects referred to above the soldier will be the recipient of a course of training that can not fail to develop him harmoniously, and the liability of developing one portion of his body at the expense of another will be obviated.

SCOPE

171. The material at the disposal of instructors embraces: Setting-up exercises.

Marching at quick or double time and running.
Dumb-bell, club, and rifle exercises.

Climbing.

Jumping.

Apparatus work.

Gymnastic contests.
Athletics.

Swimming.

Boxing and wrestling.

172. Setting-up exercises are the foundation upon which the entire course of training in the service is based. Their importance can not be overestimated, as by means of them alone it is possible to effect an all-around development impossible of attainment by any other method. They should therefore form a very important part of every drill.

173. Marching in quick time and exercises calling into action the various parts of the body while marching tend to develop coordination, upon which to a great extent poise, posture, carriage, and rhythm are dependent. Marching in double time is a heart and lung-developing exercise of moderate severity. Running, on the other hand, especially when continued for long periods, or at a high rate of speed, or when taken in conjunction with leg exercises, affects those organs in a very marked degree. Both double timing and running are invaluable in the development of endurance and organic vigor.

174. Dumb-bell exercises are closely allied to the setting-up exercises and differ from these only by the extra weight that is imposed by the bells, which should, however, never exceed 2 pounds.

175. Club exercises are of use principally as a means for the development of coordination and grace in the upper extremities; their weight, since muscular development is not aimed at, should not exceed 2 pounds.