sure, human way of developing the understanding required for confident and peaceful relations. Instead of the discontent which is now settling upon Eastern Germany, occupied Austria, and the countries of Eastern Europe, we seek a harmonious family of free European nations, with none a threat to the other, and least of all a threat to the peoples of Russia. Beyond the turmoil and strife and misery of Asia, we seek peaceful opportunity for these peoples to develop their natural resources and to elevate their lives. These are not idle words or shallow visions. Behind them lies a story of nations lately come to independence, not as a result of war, but through free grant or peaceful negotiation. There is a record, already written, of assistance gladly given by nations of the West to needy peoples, and to those suffering the temporary effects of famine, drought, and natural disaster. These are deeds of peace. They speak more loudly than promises or protestations of peaceful intent. FOR THE BENEFIT OF MANKIND But I do not wish to rest either upon the reiteration of past proposals or the restatement of past deeds. The gravity of the time is such that every new avenue of peace, no matter how dimly discernible, should be explored. There is at least one new avenue of peace which has not yet been well explored-an avenue now laid out by the General Assembly of the United Nations. In its resolution of November 18th, 1953, this General Assembly suggested--and I quote "that the Disarmament Commission study the desirability of establishing a sub-committee consisting of representatives of the Powers principally involved, which should seek in private an acceptable solution . . . and report on such a solution to the General Assembly and to the Security Council not later than 1 September 1954." The United States, heeding the suggestion of the General Assembly of the United Nations, is instantly prepared to meet privately with such other countries as may be "principally involved", to seek "an acceptable solution" to the atomic armaments race which overshadows not only the peace, but the very life, of the world. We shall carry into these private or diplomatic talks a new concep tion. The United States would seek more than the mere reduction or elimination of atomic materials for military purposes. It is not enough to take this weapon out of the hands of the soldiers. It must be put into the hands of those who will know how to strip its military casing and adapt it to the arts of peace. The United States knows that if the fearful trend of atomic military buildup can be reversed, this greatest of destructive forces can be developed into a great boon, for the benefit of all mankind. The United States knows that peaceful power from atomic energy is no dream of the future. That capability, already proved, is here now today. Who can doubt, if the entire body of the world's scientists and engineers had adequate amounts of fissionable material with which to test and develop their ideas, that this capability would rapidly be transformed into universal, efficient, and economic usage. To hasten the day when fear of the atom will begin to disappear from the minds of people, and the governments of the East and West, there are certain steps that can be taken now. PROPOSAL FOR JOINT ATOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS I therefore make the following proposals: The Governments principally involved, to the extent permitted by elementary prudence, to begin now and continue to make joint contributions from their stockpiles of normal uranium and fissionable materials to an International Atomic Energy Agency. We would expect that such an agency would be set up under the aegis of the United Nations. The ratios of contributions, the procedures and other details would properly be within the scope of the "private conversations" I have referred to earlier. The United States is prepared to undertake these explorations in good faith. Any partner of the United States acting in the same good faith will find the United States a not unreasonable or ungenerous associate. Undoubtedly initial and early contributions to this plan would be small in quantity. However, the proposal has the great virtue that it can be undertaken without the irritations and mutual suspicions. incident to any attempt to set up a completely acceptable system of worldwide inspection and control. The Atomic Energy Agency could be made responsible for the impounding, storage, and protection of the contributed fissionable and other materials. The ingenuity of our scientists will provide special safe conditions under which such a bank of fissionable material can be made essentially immune to surprise seizure. The more important responsibility of this Atomic Energy Agency would be to devise methods whereby this fissionable material would be allocated to serve the peaceful pursuits of mankind. Experts would be mobilized to apply atomic energy to the needs of agriculture, medicine, and other peaceful activities. A special purpose would be to provide abundant electrical energy in the power-starved areas of the world. Thus the contributing powers would be dedicating some of their strength to serve the needs rather than the fears of mankind. The United States would be more than willing-it would be proud to take up with others "principally involved" the development of plans whereby such peaceful use of atomic energy would be expedited. Of those "principally involved" the Soviet Union must, of course, be one. OUT OF FEAR AND INTO PEACE I would be prepared to submit to the Congress of the United States, and with every expectation of approval, any such plan that would: First encourage world-wide investigation into the most effective peactime uses of fissionable material, and with the certainty that they had all the material needed for the conduct of all experiments that were appropriate; Second-begin to diminish the potential destructive power of the world's atomic stockpiles; Third-allow all peoples of all nations to see that, in this enlightened age, the great powers of the earth, both of the East and of the West are interested in human aspirations first, rather than in building up the armaments of war; Fourth-open up a new channel for peaceful discussion, and initiate at least a new approach to the many difficult problems that must be solved in both private and public conversations, if the world is to shake off the inertia imposed by fear, and is to make positive progress toward peace. Against the dark background of the atomic bomb, the United States does not wish merely to present strength, but also the desire and the hope for peace. The coming months will be fraught with fateful decisions. In this Assembly; in the capitals and military headquarters of the world; in the hearts of men everywhere, be they governors or governed, may they be the decisions which will lead this world out of fear and into peace. To the making of these fateful decisions, the United States pledges before you and therefore before the world-its determination to help solve the fearful atomic dilemma-to devote its entire heart and mind to find the way by which the miraculous inventiveness of man shall not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life. I again thank the delegates for the great honor they have done me, in inviting me to appear before them, and in listening to me so courteously. Thank you. APPENDIX II. SELECTED REFERENCES The literature on disarmament is very voluminous and the selection of titles contained herein has been made primarily with a view to supplementing the collection of documents. Documents appearing in the collection are not listed again here. The bibliography was selected from sources in the Library of Congress, and Library of Congress call numbers (or location in the Library) are given wherever possible. It was compiled by Mary G. Shepard, Foreign Affairs Division, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, and edited by Janie Ellis Mason. I. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Library. Disarmament and security; select list of recent books, pamphlets and periodical articles. Washington, D. C., 1931. 31 p. (Its reading list no. 32.) Z6464.D6C2 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Library. Traffic in arms, munitions, and implements of war and control of their manufacture; select list of books, pamphlets, and periodical articles with annotations. Washington, D. C., 1933. 22 p. (Its reading list no. 34) Z6724. M9C3 Emme, Eugene M. National air power and international politics: a select bibliog raphy. Maxwell Airforce Base, Study and Research Branch, Historical Division, Dept. of the Air Force Library, 1950. League of Nations. Library. 191 p. Z5064.P64E6 Annotated bibliography on disarmament and military questions. Geneva, 1931. 163 p. Z6464.D6L4 United Nations. Dept. of Security Council Affairs. Atomic Energy Commission. An international bibliography on atomic energy, political, economic and social aspects. Lake Success, 1949-1951. 2 v. (United Nations. [Documentl AEC/INF/7 rev. 2). JX1977.A2 U. S. Dept. of State. Publications on atomic energy and conventional armaments. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950. 6p. (Its publication 3762). 25160. U54 U. S. Library of Congress. Division of Bibliography. Disarmament, with special reference to naval limitation: a list of recent references, compiled by Florence S. Hellman, acting chief bibliographer. Washington, 1934. 42 p. Z6464.D6U52 U. S. Library of Congress. Division of Bibliography. The League of Nations and disarmament; a bibliographical list. Washington, 1929. 18 475D5U53 II. BOOKS Atwater, Elton. American regulation of arms exports. Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1941. 287 p. Bibliography: p. 267-273. War and defense economics. Backman, Jules, and others. 1952. 458 p. Includes bibliographies. JX5390.A85 New York, Rinehart, HC106.5.B28 Baldwin, Hanson. Power and politics; the price of security in the atomic age. Clarement, California, Published by Claremont College for the four associated colleges at Claremont, 1950. 117 p. UA23.B26 Baldwin, Hanson. The price of power. New York, Harper, 1948. 361 p. Bibliography: p. 329-333. E744.B2 Bernardo, C. Joseph, and Eugene H. Bacon. American military policy: its development since 1775. Harrisburg, Pa., Military Service Publishing Co., 1955. 512 p. UA23.B43 Bolté, Charles Guy. The price of peace; a plan for disarmament. Boston, Beacon Press [1956] 108 p. JX1974.B63 Brassey's Annual; the armed forces year-book. 1st year, 1886. New York, Macmillan. A yearbook which includes information on the world's armies, navies, and air forces. V10.N3 1002 214 p. UF767.B7 Brodie, Bernard, ed. The absolute weapon: atomic power and world order. Chaput, R. A. Disarmament in British foreign policy. New York, Appleton- London, G. Allen & JX1974.C48 Clark, Grenville, and Louis B. Sohn. Peace through disarmament and charter Bibliography: p. 218-242. Dean, Gordon. Report on the atom. New York, Knopf, 1953. D843.D25 334 p. TK9145.D4 Defense in the cold war. New York, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1950. 123 p. D843.R68 Dietz, David. Atomic science, bombs and power. New York, Dodd, Mead, 1954. 316 p. Ely, Louis B. The Red Army today. 3rd ed. 272 p. Emeny, Brooks. The strategy of raw materials. 202 p. Enock, Arthur Guy. The problem of armaments. QC773.D5 Harrisburg, Military Service New York, Macmillan, 1937. HC106.3.E65 New York, Macmillan, 1923 196 p. Finletter, Thomas K. Power and policy; U. S. foreign policy and military power in the hydrogen age. New York, Harcourt, 1954. Fomichenko, I. ed. The Red Army. London, New York, Hutchinson, 1945. 125 p. Fox, William T. R. Atomic energy and international relations. In: Ogburn, William F. ed., Technology and international relations. Chicago Press, 1949. p. 102-125. Friends, Society of. American Friends Service Committee. Bibliography: p. 174-179. 179 p. 166 p. DK66.G83 JX1974.H34 Hart, Albert Gaylord, and others. Financing defense; Federal tax and expenditure policies. New York, Twentieth Century Fund, 1951. Heicher, Winchester Hallock. 161 p. HJ257.H338 Great Britain and naval disarmament. New JX1974.H43 army by Congress Cornell University UA25.H88 York, New York University Press, 1944. 20 p. Huzar, Elias. The purse and the sword: control of the through military appropriations, 1933-50. Ithaca, Press, 1950. 417 p. Johnsen, Julia E., comp. International traffic in arms and ammunitions. New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1934. 294 p. (The reference shelf, v. IX, no. 9) JX5390.J6 UA23.K38 Kaufmann, William W., ed. Military policy and national security. Princeton, JX1974.L3 Defense of the West. New York, Morrow, 1950. 335 p. U102.L58 New Haven, Yale University U102.L63 |