1. There should be a strong and comprehensive international system of control and inspection aimed at attaining the objectives set forth in the Commission's terms of reference.

2. Such an international system of control and inspection should be established, and its scope and functions defined, by a treaty or convention in which all nations, Members of the United Nations, should be entitled to participate on fair and equitable terms. The international system of control and inspection should become operative only when those Members of the United Nations necessary to assure its success by signing and ratifying the treaty or convention have bound themselves to accept and support it. Consideration should be given to the matter of participation by non-members of the United Nations. 3. The treaty or convention should include, among others, provisions for:

(a) Establishing in the United Nations an international control agency possessing powers and charged with responsibility necessary and appropriate for the prompt and effective discharge of the duties. imposed upon it by the terms of the treaty or convention. Its rights, powers and responsibilities, as well as its relations to the several organs. of the United Nations, should be clearly established and defined by the treaty or convention. Such powers should be sufficiently broad and flexible to enable the international control agency to deal with new developments that may hereafter arise in the field of atomic energy. The treaty shall provide that the rule of unanimity of the permanent members, which in certain circumstances exists in the Security Council, shall have no relation to the work of the international control agency. No government shall possess any right of "veto" over the fulfilment by the international control agency of the obligations imposed upon it by the treaty nor shall any government have the power, through the exercise of any right of "veto" or otherwise, to obstruct the course of control or inspection.

The international control agency shall promote among all nations the exchange of basic scientific information on atomic energy for peaceful ends, and shall be responsible for preventing the use of atomic energy for destructive purposes, and for the control of atomic energy to the extent necessary to ensure its use only for peaceful purposes. The international control agency should have positive research and developmental responsibilities in order to remain in the forefront of atomic knowledge so as to render the international control agency more effective in promoting the beneficial uses of atomic energy and in eliminating its destructive ones. The exclusive right to carry on atomic research for destructive purposes should be vested in the international control agency.

Research in nuclear physics having a direct bearing on the use of atomic energy should be subject to appropriate safeguards established by the international control agency in accordance with the treaty or convention. Such safeguards should not interfere with the prosecution of pure scientific research, or the publication of its results, provided no dangerous use or purpose is involved.

Decisions of the international control agency pursuant to the powers conferred upon it by the treaty or convention should govern the operations of national agencies for atomic energy. In carrying out its prescribed functions, however, the international control agency should interfere as little as necessary with the operations of national agen

cies for atomic energy, or with the economic plans and the private, corporate, and State relationships in the several countries;

(b) Affording the duly accredited representatives of the international control agency unimpeded rights of ingress, egress, and access for the performance of their inspections and other duties into, from and within the territory of every participating nation, unhindered by national or local authorities;

(c) Prohibiting the manufacture, possession, and use of atomic weapons by all nations parties thereto and by all persons under their jurisdiction;

(d) Providing for the disposal of any existing stocks of atomic weapons and for the proper use of nuclear fuel adaptable for use in

weapons;

(e) Specifying the means and methods of determining violations of its terms, setting forth such violations as shall constitute international crimes, and establishing the nature of the measures of enforcement and punishment to be imposed upon persons and upon nations guilty of violating the terms of the treaty or convention.

The judicial or other processes for determination of violations of the treaty or convention, and of punishments therefor, should be swift and certain. Serious violations of the treaty shall be reported immediately by the international control agency to the nations parties to the treaty, to the General Assembly and to the Security Council. Once the violations constituting international crimes have been defined and the measures of enforcement and punishment therefor agreed to in the treaty or convention, there shall be no legal right, by "veto" or otherwise, whereby a wilful violator of the terms of the treaty or convention shall be protected from the consequences of violation of its terms.

The enforcement and punishment provisions of the treaty or convention would be ineffectual if, in any such situations, they could be rendered nugatory by the "veto" of a State which had voluntarily signed the treaty.

4. In consideration of the problem of violation of the terms of the treaty or convention, it should also be borne in mind that a violation might be of so grave a character as to give rise to the inherent right of self-defence recognized in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations.

5. The treaty or convention should embrace the entire programme for putting the international system of control and inspection into effect, and should provide a schedule for the completion of the transitional process over a period of time, step by step, in an orderly and agreed sequence leading to the full and effective establishment of international control of atomic energy. In order that the transition may be accomplished as rapidly as possible and with safety and equity to all, this Commission should supervise the transitional process, as prescribed in the treaty or convention, and should be empowered to determine when a particular stage or stages have been completed and subsequent ones are to commence.

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

I. The international agency, using its own personnel and facilities, shall conduct all such research and development activities as may be necessary to the discharge of its duties and ensuring security and, generally, of preventing the destructive uses of atomic energy. It shall also, using its own personnel and facilities, conduct research and development related to the promotion of the beneficial uses of atomic energy. It shall, in the manner described in specific proposal VII, encourage research and development by nations and persons in these fields, subject to the rights reserved, and the prohibitions stated, in specific proposals II and III, and subject to appropriate control over the materials involved.

II. The international agency shall have the exclusive right, using its own facilities and its own personnel, to conduct research on, and development of atomic weapons; it shall be required to conduct such activities when it determines them to be necessary to the discharge of its purposes and duties.

The following shall be prohibited to nations and persons:

(a) The use of nuclear fuel in atomic explosions or for the development, production or assembly of any atomic weapon;

(b) The use of radioactive isotopes for the development of any atomic weapon.

III. Nations and persons shall be prohibited from engaging in experimental activities requiring the use of, or capable of, producing nuclear fuels or radioactive isotopes in such quantity or quality as the agency determines to be dangerous. In making these determinations, the agency shall take into account not only the quantity and quality of material but also the design and operating characteristics of the facilities involved, the ease with which these facilities may be altered and the effort and time required to convert such materials to destructive use.

IV. The international agency shall promote research and development on the production of power from atomic energy. Where experimental work on power undertaken by a nation reaches a point at which further development requires the use of nuclear fuel, or facilities capable of producing nuclear fuel or radioactive isotopes, in quantity or quality determined by the agency to be dangerous, the agency itself shall take over the operation and management of such development in co-operation and agreement with the nation concerned, provided that the nation bears an equitable share of the cost and provided that the agency deems such work to be consistent with the general requirements of security and with the availability of technical personnel, nuclear fuel and other necessary materials.

V. All facilities engaged in, or intended for, any of the research and development activities specified in specific proposals II and III above shall be disposed of by conversion to other uses, or turned over to the international agency. (For timing and other related matters, see item B.4, "Examination of the stages by which transition will be accomplished from conditions of national control to the final condi

tions of predominantly international control", of the summary of principal subjects.)

VI. The number and location of research and development facilities taken over, or established, by the international agency shall be determined from time to time by the agency in agreement with the nation directly concerned.

VII. In encouraging nations and persons to initiate and conduct research and development as indicated in specific proposal I, the international agency may include among its measures of assistance the following: making available its own personnel for assistance or participation in such activities; permitting persons to conduct such activities in the facilities of the agency; entering into contracts and other arrangements, making available materials and facilities, and exercising its other powers in aid of such activities; allotting funds or granting loans to nations and persons in aid of such activities. VIII. The international agency and participating nations shall be guided by the general principle that there should be no secrecy concerning scientific and technical information on atomic energy. (For timing and other related matters, see item B.4 of the summary of principal subjects.)

In regard to research and development activities:

(a) The agency shall take steps to keep itself informed of all such activities conducted by nations and persons, and shall collect and analyse the results thereof;

(b) The agency shall publicize or otherwise make available to nations and persons all information relating to atomic energy and shall facilitate international co-operation among scientists in the field of atomic energy; and

(c) Nations and persons shall have the obligation to maintain accurate records, permit the international agency to examine and make copies of such records, and file reports with, and answer enquiries of, the international agency.

IX. The international agency shall maintain a register of persons engaged in, or especially qualified to engage in, research or development activities in the field of atomic energy and shall keep itself informed as to their locations and work. Nations and persons shall co-operate in making such information available.

CHAPTER 3: LOCATION AND MINING OF ORES

I. The international agency shall obtain and maintain:

(a) Information as complete and accurate as possible concerning world supplies of source materials and

(b) Effective control of source material, whether in raw material, concentrated or other form.

II. The international agency shall prescribe and publish from time to time the minimum concentrations of key substances present in any ores, metals or other materials which come within the definition of "source material", and also the minimum quantities of source material which are of significance in connexion with the various aspects of control.

III. The duties of the international agency under specific proposal I shall be performed in accordance with the following provisions:

(a) Reports from nations.-Nations shall furnish the agency with reports which shall describe the location, amount, character, concentration and mode of occurrence of source material known to be present in deposits, mines or dumps or elsewhere within their respective territories. The areas which have been surveyed or explored for source material, as well as any areas in which surveys or explorations are in progress or are planned, and the methods used or planned to be used in such surveys or explorations, shall also be described. The agency shall specify the times at which reports are to be rendered and the particulars of the information required, and nations shall undertake to furnish promptly such information as is requested.

(b) Verification of reports.-Subject to the limitations and procedures specified in chapter 6, the agency shall conduct inspections, surveys, and explorations to check the information reported by nations. concerning the presence or absence of source material within their territories. In areas which are reported to contain significant quantities of source material, the provisions of paragraph (d) shall apply. In areas which are reported by the nation not to contain significant quantities of source material, the agency shall determine the extent. to which it should conduct inspections, surveys, or explorations and the methods to be used. Factors to be considered by the agency in making such determinations include the geology of the area involved, the degree of completeness and detail which characterize the data reported by the nation, the methods used in the surveys or explorations by which such data were acquired, the accuracy of information reported by the nation and already checked by the agency, and the presence or absence of any other grounds for believing that the area involved contains source material. A nation shall have the right to appeal to an appropriate international body against what it may consider to be an improper use by the international agency of the powers of conducting surveys and explorations in the case of areas reported not to contain source material. (See item A.3 (d), “Definition of types of operating decisions subject to review and of those not subject to review", and item A.3 (e), "Determination of review body or bodies and of principles governing review", of the summary of principal subjects.)

(c) Discovery of new deposits. Subject to the limitations and procedures specified in chapter 6, the agency shall conduct, or arrange with nations for the conduct of, surveys and explorations to discover new deposits of source material. This includes the right of the agency to re-survey or re-explore areas which have previously been surveyed or explored either by the agency or by nations. Nations shall undertake to co-operate with and assist the agency in the discovery of new deposits of source material, and both parties shall provide such skilled personnel, material assistance, and liaison personnel as may be mutually agreed upon. A nation shall have the right to appeal to an appropriate international body against what it may consider to be an improper use by the international agency of the powers of conducting surveys and explorations in the case of areas reported not to contain source material. (See item A.3 (d), "Definition of types of operating decisions subject to review and of those not subject to review", and item A.3 (e) "Determination of review body or bodies and of principles governing review", of the summary of principal subjects.)