網頁圖片
PDF
ePub 版

(a) A Commission for the control of the execution of the decision regarding the reduction of armaments;

(b) A Commission for the control of the execution of the decision regarding the prohibition of the use of atomic energy for military purposes.

4. The General Assembly deems it necessary that all States Members of the United Nations Organization should submit information regarding all their armed forces and armaments, this information to be submitted when the Security Council will consider the proposals for general reduction of armaments.

5. The General Assembly recommends that the Security Council should ensure the effective implementing of the principles laid down in Paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 above.

6. The General Assembly appeals to the Governments of all the States to give to the Security Council all the assistance necessary to enable it to discharge its responsibilities arising out of this task, the achievement of which lies within the scope of its mission to establish an enduring peace and maintain international security. This task is also in the interest of the peoples who would be released from the heavy economic burden caused by the excessive expenditure on armsments which do not correspond to peaceful postwar conditions.

84. PROPOSALS BY THE USSR REPRESENTATIVE ON THE UNITED NATIONS ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ON ATOMIC ENERGY CONTROL, JUNE 11, 19471

The Soviet Government, in addition and in development of its proposal on the conclusion of an international convention on the prohibition of atomic and other major weapons of mass destruction, submitted for the consideration of the Atomic Energy Commission on 19 June 1946, presents for the consideration of the above-mentioned Commission the following basic provisions on which an international agreement or convention on atomic energy control should be based.

1. For ensuring the use of atomic energy only for peaceful purposes, in accordance with the international convention on the prohibition of atomic and other major weapons of mass destruction and also with the purpose of preventing violations of the convention on the prohibition of atomic weapons and for the protection of complying States against hazards of violations and evasions, there shall be established strict international control simultaneously over all facilities engaged in mining of atomic raw materials and in production of atomic materials and atomic energy.

2. For carrying out measures of control of atomic energy facilities, there shall be established, within the framework of the Security Council, an international commission for atomic energy control to be called the International Control Commission.

3. The International Control Commission shall have its own inspectorial apparatus.

4. Terms and organizational principles of international control of atomic energy, and also composition, rights and obligations of the International Control Commission, as well as provisions on the basis

United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, Document AEC/24, June 11, 1947.

of which it shall carry out its activities, shall be determined by a special International convention on atomic energy control, which is to be concluded in accordance with the convention on the prohibition of atomic

weapons.

5. With the purpose of ensuring the effectiveness of international control of atomic energy, the convention on the control of atomic energy shall be based on the following fundamental provisions:

(a) The International Control Commission shall be composed of the Representatives of States Members of the Atomic Energy Commission established by the General Assembly decision of 24 January 1946, and may create such subsidiary organs which it finds necessary for the fulfilment of its functions.

(b) The International Control Commission shall establish its own rules of procedure.

(c) The personnel of the International Control Commission shall be selected on an international basis.

(d) The International Control Commission shall periodically carry out inspection of facilities for mining of atomic raw materials and for the production of atomic materials and atomic energy. 6. While carrying out inspection of atomic energy facilities, the International Control Commission shall undertake the following actions:

(a) Investigates the activities of facilities for mining atomic raw materials, for the production of atomic materials and atomic energy as well verifies their accounting.

(b) Checks existing stocks of atomic raw materials, atomic materials, and unfinished products.

(c) Studies production operations to the extent necessary for the control of the use of atomic materials and atomic energy. (d) Observes the fulfilment of the rules of technical exploitation of the facilities prescribed by the convention on control as well as works out and prescribes the rules of technological control of such facilities.

(e) Collects and analyses data on the mining of atomic raw materials and on the production of atomic materials and atomic energy.

(f) Carries on special investigations in cases when suspicion of violations of the convention on the prohibition of atomic weapons arises.

(g) Makes recommendations to Governments on the questions relating to production, stockpiling and use of atomic materials and atomic energy.

(h) Makes recommendations to the Security Council on measures for prevention and suppression in respect to violators of the conventions on the prohibition of atomic weapons and on the control of atomic energy.

7. For the fulfilment of the tasks of control and inspection entrusted o the International Control Commission, the latter shall have the ght of:

(a) Access to any facilities for mining, production, and stockpiling of atomic raw materials and atomic materials, as well as to the facilities for the exploitation of atomic energy.

73652 5625

(b) Acquaintance with the production operations of the atomic energy facilities, to the extent necessary for the control of use of atomic materials and atomic energy.

(c) The carrying out of weighing measurements, and various analyses of atomic raw materials, and unfinished products.

(d) Requesting from the Government of any nation, and checking of, various data and reports on the activities of atomic energy facilities.

(e) Requesting of various explanations on the questions relating to the activities of atomic energy facilities.

(f) Making recommendations and presentations to Governments on the matters of the production and use of atomic energy.

(g) Submitting recommendations for the consideration of the Security Council on measures in regard to violators of the conventions on the prohibition of atomic weapons and on the control of atomic energy.

8. In accordance with the tasks of international control of atomic energy, scientific research activities in the field of atomic energy shall be based on the following provisions:

(a) Scientific research activities in the field of atomic energy must comply with the necessity of carrying out the convention on the prohibition of atomic weapons and with the necessity of preventing its use for military purposes.

(b) Signatory States to the convention on the prohibition of atomic weapons must have a right to carry on unrestricted scientific research activities in the field of atomic energy, directed toward discovery of methods of its use for peaceful purposes.

(c) In the interests of an effective fulfilment of its control and inspectorial functions, the International Control Commission must have a possibility to carry out scientific research activities in the field of discovery of methods for the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. The carrying out of such activities will enable the Commission to keep itself informed on the latest achievements in this field and to have its own skilled international personnel, which is required by the Commission for practical carrying out of the measures of control and inspection.

(d) In conducting scientific research in the field of atomic energy, one of the most important tasks of the International Control Commission should be to ensure a wide exchange of information among nations in this field and to render necessary assistance, through advice, to the countries parties to the convention, which may request such assistance.

(e) The International Control Commission must have at its disposal material facilities including research laboratories and experimental installations necessary for the proper organization of the research activities to be conducted by it.

85. REPORT AND RESOLUTION ON THE PROPOSAL OF THE SOVIET UNION OF JUNE 11, 1947, SUBMITTED BY THE DELEGATIONS OF CANADA, CHINA, FRANCE, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, ADOPTED BY THE WORKING COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED NATIONS ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, APRIL 5, 1948 [Excerpt]

The Soviet Union proposals of 11 June 1947 should be considered against the background of the Commission's work up to that date.

[blocks in formation]

6. The Soviet Union proposals of 11 June 1947 are entitled "Basic provisions on which an international agreement or convention on atomic energy control should be based." After the Governments represented on the Commission had studied them, a resolution was passed on 15 August 1947 declaring that they did "not provide an adequate basis for the development of specific proposals for an effective system of international control of atomic energy." Accordingly the Committee did not feel able to modify its programme of work but, recognizing that certain points in the Soviet Union proposals dealt with matters not yet studied by the Commission, recorded its intention to take them up in due course together with any new elaborations that might be forthcoming. The occasion for further discussion of the Soviet Union proposals was provided when in September 1947 the Soviet Union Delegation gave written answers to eleven questions submitted in writing by the United Kingdom Delegation the month before; thereafter, during the meetings of the Working Committee in 1948, a very close examination of the proposals took place, in the course of which clarification was obtained from the Soviet Union Representative on a number of points hitherto obscure. The following analysis sets forth the conclusions that have been reached on the Soviet Union proposals, as elaborated.

7. Any basis offered for the control of atomic energy must be judged in the light of the existing technical knowledge. As outlined in the "First Report on the Scientific and Technical Aspects of the Problem of Control," the essential facts can be summarized as follows:

(a) Two elements, uranium and thorium play a unique role in the domain of atomic energy since, as far as is known, these are the only materials from which the special substances required for the development of atomic energy can be obtained. These special substances are called nuclear fuels.

(b) Nuclear fuels can be used either for peaceful purposes or for making atomic weapons, and most of the production processes for the former are the same as for the latter.

(c) Once the nuclear fuels are obtained, the detection of secret manufacture of atomic weapons would be very difficult because only small installations are necessary. These could easily be concealed. Moreover, the time required to assemble bombs from nuclear fuel is very short.

(d) The misuse of atomic materials through (i) their diversion from legitimate uses and (ii) their secret manufacture are two extremely serious dangers, the more so because they could take place in a world apparently at peace. These two dangers must

JUN Atomic Energy Commission, Document AEC/C.1/76, April 5, 1948.

be eliminated if the peaceful development of atomic energy can be promoted in an atmosphere of confidence and general trust. They must therefore be provided against in any effective plan for the general international control of atomic energy.

8. The Soviet Union proposals were studied in the light of these considerations. This study has shown that the "strict international control" which even the Soviet Union Representatives maintain to be necessary, since M. Stalin first used these words in October 1946, could not in fact be obtained by putting into force any plan based on these Soviet Union proposals. At least three basic considerations, which are elaborated in subsequent sections of this report, compel this conclusion; they are:

I. The powers provided for the International Control Commission by the Soviet Union proposals, confined as they are to periodic inspection and special investigations, are insufficient to guarantee against the diversion of dangerous materials from known atomic facilities, and do not provide the means to detect secret activities.

II. Except by recommendations to the Security Council of the United Nations, the International Control Commission has no powers to enforce either its own decisions or the terms of the convention or conventions on control.

III. The Soviet Union Government insists that the convention establishing a system of control, even so limited as that contained in the Soviet Union proposals, can be concluded only after a convention providing for the prohibition of atomic weapons and the destruction of existing atomic weapons has been "signed, ratified and put into effect."

9. The Soviet Union proposals prescribe the following activities for the "International Control Commission":

(a) inspection and special investigations;

(b) accounting for raw materials;

(c) the "working out and assignment" of the rules of technological control (this was explained as referring to regulations governing day-to-day activities);

(d) asking Governments for information;

(e) submitting recommendations to Governments and to the Security Council.

10. As will be seen later, the International Control Commission would, according to the Soviet Union proposals, have no other means of enforcing its rules and recommendations under (c) and (e) than by appealing to the Security Council, which means that these rules and recommendations cannot in themselves be considered as a form of control. Since accounting ((b) above) and asking Governments for information ((d) above) are among those functions which an inspectorate would normally perform, we find that inspection would be in effect the only element of control at the Commission's command.

11. The Soviet Union Government specifies that "the personnel of the inspectorate shall be selected on an international basis" and, as under the majority proposals, stipulates that the Control Commission must have the facilities to carry out scientific research in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. It was also stated that the Commission would not be allowed to carry on any research in the field of atomic weapons.

« 上一頁繼續 »