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4. The all-German council shall bring about accord on matters relating to the participation of the German Democratic Republic and the German Federal Republic in measures designed to consolidate European security and shall consider by mutual agreement questions pertaining to the bringing about of prerequisites for the unification of Germany, as a peaceful and democratic state.

The Foreign Ministers of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France express the hope that the German Democratic Republic and the German Federal Republic shall make the necessary efforts to achieve agreement on the establishment of the all-German council.

156. NONAGGRESSION PACTS AND EUROPEAN

DISARMAMENT:

DECLARATION BY WARSAW TREATY POWERS, JANUARY 28, 1956 (EXCERPT) 1

The peaceful conditions for development can best be secured by the creation of a system of collective security to replace the military alignments existing in Europe.

Wishing to facilitate the possibility of creating an effective system of European security, the countries participating in the Warsaw Treaty express at the same time their readiness to examine together with other interested countries proposals which would conform to this task.

This aim could be served by the conclusion of a suitable agreement, at first between a part of the European states, including the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and the United States, and also by the establishment in Europe of a zone in which the strength and the disposition of the armed forces would be fixed by a special agreement between the states concerned.

The relevant proposals which were made by the Government of Great Britain at the Geneva conference of the heads of Government of the four powers could be examined in that connection.

A particular attention is deserved by the question of establishing in Europe the aforesaid special zone of restriction and control over armaments, which includes both parts of Germany, and of reaching agreements on that point between the states.

Such an agreement might envisage the withdrawal or the reduction. of foreign forces in both parts of Germany and also the reduction of the armed contingents of the German Democratic Republic and the German Federal Republic, with the establishment of the necessary control for the observation of the corresponding agreement.

They propose that in future before an agreement on banning atomic weapons is reached by the interested powers an agreement should be reached to the effect that the armed forces maintained on German territory, including the armed forces of the German Democratic and the German Federal Republics should not be equipped with atomic weapons.

*

The member states of the Warsaw pact are holding the opinion that the establishment of good relations and the settlement of disputed

1 New York Times, January 29, 1956.

questions between separate countries, regardless of their present possible adhesion to such or other military grouping, would have a great importance for the consolidation of peace.

This is of especial concern to neighboring states. In this connection the establishment of good neighborly relations between the Soviet Union and Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece, Albania and Italy, and Czechoslovakia and Federal Germany would be of great significance. Of similar great significance would be the establishment of normal relations between states which up to now did not exist.

Until the reaching of an agreement on an effective system of security in Europe, a valuable contribution to the cause of insuring such security and the necessary confidence among European states would be made by the conclusion of nonaggression pacts between the countries concerned with an undertaking to settle differences only by peaceful means.

(2) The Far East

[During the early postwar years when Japan was being demilitarized, Chinese Communist forces were extending their authority throughout China. In 1949 the People's Republic of China was proclaimed at Peking. This was followed by the Communist aggression against South Korea in 1950, the subsequent entry of Communist China into that conflict and the support of the UN-declared aggression by the Soviet Union. As the documents in this section indicate, all of these developments contributed to a change in policies on Japanese demilitarization and to the unfolding of a widespread network of mutual defense pacts between the United States and free nations of Asia.]

FIRST PHASE: 1945-1950

The Demilitarization of Japan

157. PROCLAMATION DEFINING TERMS FOR JAPANESE SURRENDER, JULY 26, 19451

(1) We-The President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China, and the Prime Minister of Great Britain-representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war.

(2) The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist.

(3). The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The

C. S. Congress. Senate. Japanese Peace Treaty and other treaties relating to security in the Pacific. Executive Report No. 2, 82d Congress, 2d session, February 1952.

full application of our military power, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland.

(4) The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason. (5) Following are our terms. We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay.

(6) There must be eliminated for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven from the world.

(7) Until such a new order is established and until there is convincing proof that Japan's war-making power is destroyed, points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic objectives we are here setting forth.

(8) The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine.

(9) The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives.

(10) We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners. The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established.

(11) Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to re-arm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted.

(12) The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government.

(13) We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.

158. DISARMAMENT: THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN, MAY 3, 1947 (EXCERPT) 1 1

CHAPTER II

ARTICLE 9.

Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.

In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.

159. POLICY DECISION ON BASIC POST-SURRENDER POLICY FOR JAPAN, ADOPTED BY THE FAR EASTERN COMMISSION, JUNE 19, 1947 2 PREAMBLE

WHEREAS on September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allied Powers and is now under military occupation by forces of these Powers under the command of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and

WHEREAS representatives of the following nations, namely, Australia, Canada, China, France, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the U. S. S. R., the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, which were engaged in the war against Japan, have on the decision of the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers met together at Washington as a Far Eastern Commission, to formulate the policies, principles and standards in conformity with which the fulfillment by Japan of its obligations under the Terms of Surrender may be accomplished;

THE NATIONS COMPOSING THIS COMMISSION, with the object of fulfilling the intentions of the Potsdam Declaration, of carrying out the instrument of surrender and of establishing international security and stability,

CONSCIOUS that such security and stability depend first, upon the complete destruction of the military machine which has been the chief means whereby Japan has carried out the aggressions of past decades; second, upon the establishment of such political and economic conditions as would make impossible any revival of militarism in Japan; and third, upon bringing the Japanese to a realization that their will to war, their plan of conquest, and the methods used to accomplish such plans, have brought them to the verge of ruin,

RESOLVED that Japan cannot be allowed to control her own destinies again until there is on her part a determination to abandon militarism in all its aspects and a desire to live with the rest of the world in peace, and until democratic principles are established in all spheres of the political, economic, and cultural life of Japan;

Department of State Publication 2836, Far Eastern Series 22.

* Department of State, Bulletin, vol. XVII, p. 216.

ARE THEREFORE AGREED:

To ensure the fulfillment of Japan's obligations to the Allied Powers;

To complete the task of physical and spiritual demilitarization of Japan by measures including total disarmament, economic reform designed to deprive Japan of power to make war, elimination of militaristic influences, and stern justice to war criminals, and requiring a period of strict control; and

To help the people of Japan in their own interest as well as that of the world at large to find means whereby they may de velop within the framework of a democratic society an intercourse among themselves and with other countries along economic and cultural lines that will enable them to satisfy their reasonabl individual and national needs and bring them into permanently peaceful relationship with all nations;

AND HAVE ADOPTED the following basic objectives and policies in dealing with Japan:

PART I-ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES

1. The ultimate objectives in relation to Japan, to which policies for the post-surrender period for Japan should conform, are:

a. To insure that Japan will not again become a menace to the peace and security of the world.

b. To bring about the earliest possible establishment of a democratic and peaceful government which will carry out its international responsibilities, respect the rights of other states, and support the objectives of the United Nations. Such government in Japan should be established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people.

2. These objectives will be achieved by the following principal

means:

a. Japan's sovereignty will be limited to the islands of Honshu. Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor outlying islands as may be determined.

b. Japan will be completely disarmed and demilitarized. The authority of the militarists and the influence of militarism will be totally eliminated. All institutions expressive of the spirit of militarism and aggression will be vigorously suppressed.

c. The Japanese people shall be encouraged to develop a desire for individual liberties and respect for fundamental human rights. particularly the freedoms of religion, assembly and association. speech and the press. They shall be encouraged to form democratic and representative organizations.

d. Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to rearm for wa To this end access to, as distinguished from control of, raw mate rials should be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations will be permitted.

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