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subject to a right to transmit it confidentially to any Power with which that Government is in treaty relations similar to those of the present Agreement.

(5) Nothing in paragraph (2) above shall entitle the Soviet Government to construct or acquire any vessel exceeding the limitations or restrictions prescribed by this Part of the present Agreement for service, or to employ such a vessel on service, elsewhere than in the Far East, wherever the vessel may be constructed or acquired. The Soviet Government shall equally not be entitled by anything in paragraph (2) above to transfer from the Soviet Far Eastern to the Soviet Baltic or Black Sea Fleet any vessel constructed or acquired in the exercise of the right conferred by that paragraph.

ARTICLE 3.

No vessel which at the date of the coming into force of the present Agreement carries guns with a calibre exceeding the limits prescribed by this Part of the present Agreement shall, if reconstructed or modernised, be rearmed with guns of a greater calibre than those previously carried by her.

ARTICLE 4.

(1) No capital ship shall exceed 35,000 tons (35,560 metric tons) standard displacement.

(2) No capital ship shall carry a gun with a calibre exceeding 16-in. (406 mm.).

(3) No capital ship of sub-category (a), the standard displacement of which is less than 17,500 tons (17,780 metric tons), shall be laid down or acquired prior to the 1st January, 1943.

(4) No capital ship, the main armament of which consists of guns of less than 10-in. (254 mm.) calibre, shall be laid down or acquired prior to the 1st January, 1943.

ARTICLE 5.

(1) No aircraft-carrier shall exceed 23,000 tons (23,368 metric tons) standard displacement or carry a gun with a calibre exceeding 6.1-in. (155 mm.).

(2) If the armament of any aircraft-carrier includes guns exceeding 5.25-in. (134 mm.) in calibre, the total number of guns carried which exceed that calibre shall not be more than ten.

ARTICLE 6.

(1) It is agreed in principle, and subject to the provisions of paragraph (2) below, that no light surface vessel of sub-category (b) exceeding 8,000 tons (8,128 metric tons) standard displacement, and no light surface vessel of sub-category (a) shall be laid down or acquired prior to the 1st January, 1943.

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) above, either Contracting Government shall, upon notifying the other Contracting Government of its intentions, have the right to lay down or acquire light surface vessels of sub-category (a); or to acquire such vessels by converting light surface vessels of sub-category (b). The other Contracting Government shall thereupon be entitled to exercise the same right. In the event of the Soviet Government making a notification

as contemplated above, the Government of the United Kingdom is authorised to transmit this decision confidentially to any Power with which it is in treaty relations similar to those of the present Agreement.

(3) The provisions of Part III of the present Agreement will be observed in respect of any vessels constructed as a result of a notification given in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph; except that the Government making the notification shall, during the year in which it is made, have the right to depart from its Annual Programmes of construction and declarations of acquisition, and to alter, for the purposes of paragraph (2) above, the characteristic of any vessels building or which have already appeared in the programmes or declarations. In the event of such departure, no delay in the acquisition, the laying of the keel, or the altering of any vessels shall be necessary by reason of any of the provisions of Part III of the present Agreement. The particulars mentioned in Article 12 (b) shall, however, be communicated to the other Contracting Government before the keels of any vessels are laid. In the case of acquisition, information relating to the vessel shall be given under the provisions of Article 14.

ARTICLE 7.

No submarine shall exceed 2,000 tons (2,032 metric tons) standard displacement or carry a gun exceeding 5.1 in. (130 mm.) in calibre.

ARTICLE 8.

Every vessel shall be rated at its standard displacement, as defined in Article 1A of the present Agreement.

ARTICLE 9.

No preparations shall be made in merchant ships in time of peace for the installation of warlike armaments for the purpose of converting such ships into vessels of war, other than the necessary stiffening of decks for the mounting of guns not exceeding 6.1 in. (155 mm.) in calibre.

ARTICLE 10.

Vessels which were laid down before the date of the coming into force of the present Agreement, the standard displacement or armament of which exceeds the limitations or restrictions prescribed in this Part of the present Agreement for their category or sub-category, or vessels which before that date were converted to target use exclusively or retained exclusively for experimental or training purposes under the provisions of any previous international agreement, shall retain the category or designation which applied to them before the said date.

ARTICLE 30.

The present agreement shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged in London as soon as possible. It

shall come into force on or after the exchange of ratifications, when the Naval Treaty signed in London on the 25th March, 1936, is in force and simultaneously with the similar naval agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom and the German Government. The date on which the present Agreement thus comes into force shall be immediately notified to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics by the Government of the United Kingdom.

In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorised to that effect, have signed the present Agreement and have affixed thereto their seals.

Done in duplicate in London, the 17th day of July, 1937, in the English language. A Russian text will be drawn up as soon as possible and agreed between the Contracting Governments, and both texts will then be considered equally authentic.

[Signatures omitted.]

PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE.

AT the moment of signing the Agreement bearing this day's date the undersigned, duly authorised to that effect by their respective Governments, have agreed as follows:

1. If, before the coming into force of the above-mentioned Agreement, the naval construction of any Power, or any change of circumstances, should appear likely to render undesirable the coming into force of the Agreement in its present form, the Contracting Governments will consult as to whether it is desirable to modify any of its terms to meet the situation thus presented.

2. The Contracting Governments will, as a temporary measure, promptly communicate to one another, after the laying down, acquisition or completion of any vessels in the categories or subcategories mentioned in Article 12 (a) of the Agreement, the information detailed below concerning all such vessels laid down, acquired or completed between the 1st January, 1937, and the date of the coming into force of the Agreement (other than vessels which, in virtue of Article 11 (1) (b), there is no obligation to notify), provided, however, that this obligation shall not continue after the 1st July, 1937:

Name or designation;

Classification of the vessel;

Standard displacement in tons and metric tons;

Principal dimensions at standard displacement, namely, length
at waterline and extreme beam at or below waterline;
Mean draught at standard displacement;

Calibre of the largest gun.

3. The present Protocol shall come into force on this day's date.

In faith whereof the undersigned have signed the present Protocol and have affixed thereto their seals.

Done in London the 17th day of July, 1937, in the English language. A Russian text will be drawn up as soon as possible and agreed between the Contracting Governments, and both texts will then be considered equally authentic.

[Signatures omitted.]

PART II. PROBLEMS OF DISARMAMENT AND SECURITY

A. The General Problem (1919–1955)

Relationship of Disarmament, Security and Peaceful Settlement

[The relationship between disarmament, security, and peaceful settlement has been a recurrent theme in consideration of problems of disarmament. Sometimes 1, sometimes 2 of these elements are emphasized, sometimes all 3 have been considered jointly in international negotiation. This interrelationship is expressed in the major international pronouncements, draft treaties, and agreements included in this part of the collection.]

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

11. DISARMAMENT AND SECURITY: RESOLUTION XIV OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1922.1

(a) The Assembly, having considered the report of the Temporary Mixed Commission on the question of a general Treaty of Mutual Guarantee, being of opinion that this report can in no way affect the complete validity of all the Treaties of Peace or other agreements which are known to exist between States; and considering that this report contains valuable suggestions as to the methods by which a Treaty of Mutual Guarantee could be made effective, is of the opinion that:

1. No scheme for the reduction of armaments, within the meaning of Article 8 of the Covenant, can be fully successful unless it is general.

2. In the present state of the world many Governments would be unable to accept the responsibility for a serious reduction of armaments unless they received in exchange a satisfactory guarantee of the safety of their country.

3. Such a guarantee can be found in a defensive agreement which should be open to all countries, binding them to provide immediate and effective assistance in accordance with a prearranged plan in the event of one of them being attacked, provided that the obligation to render assistance to a country attacked shall be limited in principle to those countries situated in the same part of the globe. In cases, however, where, for historical, geographical, or other reasons, a country is in special danger of attack, detailed arrangements should be made for its defence in accordance with the above-mentioned plan.

4. As a general reduction of armaments is the object of the three preceding statements, and the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee the means of achieving that object, previous consent to this reduction is therefore the first condition for the Treaty.

1 League of Nations. Resolutions adopted by the Assembly during the course of its third session (4 to 30 of September, 1922). Official Journal, Special Supplement No. 9, p. 26.

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This reduction could be carried out either by means of a general Treaty, which is the most desirable plan, or by means of partial treaties designed to be extended and open to all countries.

In the former case, the Treaty will carry with it a general reduction of armaments. In the latter case, the reduction should be proportionate to the guarantees afforded by the Treaty.

The Council of the League, after having taken the advice of the Temporary Mixed Commission, which will examine how each of these two systems could be carried out, should further formulate and submit to the Governments for their consideration and sovereign decision the plan of the machinery, both political and military, necessary to bring them clearly into effect. (b) The Assembly requests the Council to submit to the various Governments the above proposals for their observations, and requests the Temporary Mixed Commission to continue its investigations, and, in order to give precision to the above statements, to prepare a draft Treaty embodying the principles contained therein.

12. KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT FOR THE RENUNCIATION OF WAR, AUGUST 27, 1928.1

[In force July 24, 1929.]

The President of the German Reich, the President of the United States of America, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Republic of Poland, the President of the Czechoslovak Republic,

Deeply sensible of their solemn duty to promote the welfare of mankind;

Persuaded that the time has come when a frank renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy should be made to the end that the peaceful and friendly relations now existing between their peoples may be perpetuated;

Convinced that all changes in their relations with one another should be sought only by pacific means and be the result of a peaceful and orderly process, and that any signatory Power which shall hereafter seek to promote its national interests by resort to war should be denied the benefits furnished by this Treaty;

Hopeful that, encouraged by their example, all the other nations of the world will join in this humane endeavor and by adhering to the present Treaty as soon as it comes into force bring their peoples within the scope of its beneficent provisions, thus uniting the civilized nations of the world in a common renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy;

Have decided to conclude a Treaty and for that purpose have appointed as their respective Plenipotentiaries:

Here follows a list of the plenipotentiaries.]

who, having communicated to one another their full powers found in good and due form have agreed upon the following articles:

1 The General Pact for the Renunciation of War, Text of the Pact as Signed, Notes and Other Papers. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1928.

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