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EXTENT OF EMBASSY'S INVOLVEMENT IN DETERMINING SIZE AND
LOCATION OF MILITARY FACILITIES

Mr. PAUL. Mr. Ambassador, with respect to facilities that don't relate to nuclear weapons to what extent is the embassy involved in determining either the size or location of such military facilities?

Mr. PORTER. We are informed by the command when there is an apparent, there is a need as far as they are concerned, to acquire sites and for facilities. Those requirements are generally handled through mechanisms set up sometimes back through people involved in the status of forces agreement, et cetera. We are made aware of when there are additional requirements. We are informed, as I said, by the command and also from Washington, when it is deemed necessary at this end to inform us.

DISCUSSION OF THE TWO COUPS WHICH TOOK PLACE IN KOREA

Mr. PAUL. There were two coups in South Korea, one in 1960, which toppled Syngman Rhee's government and then one in 1961 which removed his immediate successor. Could you say whether it was hard for the American forces then in Korea to avoid being involved in these domestic political events.

Mr. PORTER. In 1960, the fall of the Syngman Rhee government was due to disturbances carried on by students and some elements of the public, general public, and no military force was involved, and there was no question of U.S. military forces becoming involved in any

way.

The 1961 affair was a military coup carried out by General Park, forces under his control, and it toppled the Chang government, forced its resignation.

INVOLVEMENT OF U.S. FORCES IN KOREAN AFFAIRS

At that point there was a question of the disposition of certain forces which the United Nations commander brought to the attention of the Korean military commanders themselves, and there were then subsequent statements by the commanding general and by the U.S. Charge d'Affaires urging that all Korean forces support the legally elected government which was the one being overthrown.

Other than that there was no involvement by U.S. forces in Korean affairs.

Mr. PAUL. When you say there was a question about the disposition of forces were those ROK forces you were talking about.

Mr. PORTER. Yes; ROK forces which were under the command of General Magruder, I believe.

Mr. BROWN. I asked Mr. Green who was the Charge d'Affaires the specific question which you have put and there was no problem in keeping U.S. troops out of the picture and there was nothing that happened because of it.

FORMS OF PROPAGANDA IN WHICH U.S. PARTICIPATES

Mr. PAUL. Turning to another subject, Mr. Ambassador, could you tell us what forms of propaganda are directed against the North Koreans in which the U.S. participates.

Mr. PORTER. Most of the propaganda directed against North Korea emanates either from the Korean National Broadcasting System or from certain U.S. military elements which, I believe, are under the command of CINCPAC; and we would prefer to go into this under the special procedures which I think you approved.

Mr. PAUL. Well, we met this in another case, request for special procedures for psychological warfare operations but I thought, Mr. Knaur, that that was resolved in favor of discussion in the ordinary session.

Mr. KNAUR. All I can say, Mr. Paul, is that I wasn't aware that this would be coming up in these hearings and I was not aware that there was any furthering of the instructions that we encountered in the previous hearing.

Mr. PAUL. We had it in the regular session.

Mr. KNAUR. Yes; we did.

Mr. PAUL. So can't we talk about this now.

Mr. KNAUR. I am not aware of what instruction Ambassador Porter is under.

Mr. PAUL. I see.

Mr. PORTER. Well, it would depend on

Mr. PAUL. It is not intelligence.

Mr. PORTER. On whether the agency concerned, I should think in this case DOD, would consider this to have intelligence aspects, which you would prefer to discuss in special session. Actually

Mr. PAUL. If it is the 7th Psyops we can discuss that here.

Mr. KNAUR. If it is a DOD operation involved in the 7th Psyops I think we can proceed with it here.

Mr. PORTER. Very well, then. In connection with the 7th Psyops operations, I think I would have to refer to my military friends. There is an embassy coordinating element involved in the output. I will say that for our side. But the operation itself is not directed by civilian authority.

Mr. PAUL. Just so we have the overall view, whoever could speak to this, what are the forms of propaganda which an American agency participates in? I know the 7th Psyops does a lot of this-what are they, what are the forms, broadcasts, leaflet drop, magazine? Mr. PORTER. Yes; broadcasts, leaflet drop, principally.

Mr. PAUL. Magazine, too.

Mr. PORTER. Yes.

Mr. PAUL. Any other?

Senator FULBRIGHT. What is the purpose of it, doing it over North Korea?

Mr. PORTER. We are not doing it over North Korea. The broadcasts, of course, are carried on from points in South Korea.

Senator FULBRIGHT. But beamed to North Korea?

Mr. PORTER. Beamed to North Korea.

Senator FULBRIGHT. Are leaflets dropped?

Mr. PORTER. The leaflets are attendant on certain winds and are more practical at one time of the year than another. They are not dropped over North Korea, to the best of my knowledge.

OBJECTIVE OF PROPAGANDA AGAINST NORTH KOREA

Senator FULBRIGHT. What I mean is the objective is North Korea, whether they get there by winds or however. The target is North Korea. What is the objective of the operation? What do you seek to accomplish by it?

Mr. PORTER. The purpose, of course, is to reach the North Korean people with

Senator FULBRIGHT. With that?

Mr. PORTER. Messages of accounts of life in South Korea, pictorial displays which would indicate to them that things are not quite what North Korean propaganda portrays them to be, sir.

Senator FULBRIGHT. Do these leaflets request the North Koreans to give up and to overthrow their government?

Mr. PORTER. Not to my knowledge.

Senator FULBRIGHT. Ör to emigrate to South Korea?

Mr. PORTER. Not to my knowledge. They refer to conditions usually of life in the South.

Senator FULBRIGHT. You mean the point is to persuade North Korea that life in the South is better than it is in the North; is that the purpose?

Mr. PORTER. Yes; to draw comparisons.

Senator FULBRIGHT. Any other purpose?

Mr. PORTER. The purpose, of course, is to make them question their own regime. Why elections can be held in the South and not in the North and a variety of other subjects.

Senator FULBRIGHT. What are the other subjects? I am very interested in this.

Mr. PORTER. We would have to give you a list of subjects or topics covered and we will do that for the record if you wish.

(The information referred to follows.)

VUNC breakdown of overall support to major themes for radio broadcasts to North Korea, month of January 1970.

ROK progress in economy, industry, and agriculture_‒‒

Themes (emphases, approaches), number of programs produced

Theme I: ROK national development (22.0 percent).

57

Freedom in the ROK_.

11

19

12

ROK progress in culture, education, and health__-.

6

2

6 1

Increasing ROK international prestige___

Good image of the ROK Armed Forces__.

Scientific and technical progress in the ROK....

ROK student activities__.

Theme II: U.S./ROK military strength and capability (3.9 percent).

U.S./ROK solidarity-.

NK aggression and illegal nature of NK activities along the DMZ.......
Defector inducement-Salkil_.

ROK's defense capability..

[blocks in formation]

Theme III: Free World accomplishments (29.3 percent).

International cooperation among Free World nations_
U.S. foreign policies..

U.S. progress_-.

U.N. at work__.

U.S. space programs.

Accomplishments of individual Free World nations_.
Disarmament

Regional cooperation___

Theme IV: Problems of Communism (26.6 percent)_.

NK economic problems..
Problems in the USSR..

Problems in Communist China_.

Problems in Czechoslovakia_

NK credibility gap--

Lack of freedom in NK.

Sino-Soviet dispute-

Isolation of NK from other nations_

Problems in Communism in general_

Problems in East Germany--.

Different social systems can get along..

NK propaganda---

Communist trade with Free World__

Theme V: Vietnam (18.2 percent).

Progress in RVN, politics, economy, military, pacification programs, refugees, etc..

ROK's efforts to help RVN_

NV's aggressive acts and its intransigence___

Free World efforts and determination to help RVN.

NV violation of Geneva accords_

RVN self-defense capability--

U.S. peace efforts in RVN (Paris).
Vietnamization

Total

76

27

16

4

69

10

8

8

3

3

2

9

15

1

1

1

2

47

2224243∞

259

Senator FULBRIGHT. General, do you wish to add anything to this? General MICHAELIS. Sir, Kim Il Sung repetitively states there is a revolution in South Korea, that President Park is a puppet of the United States; that U.S. presence in the Republic of Korea is to dominate and maintain President Park's position; and that there is an active revolution going on in the Republic of Korea. The Voice of United Nations Command statements present the facts and tell the truth. There is no revolution, the people are free, and the elections are free-not suppressed. Also beamed to the North Koreans is the fact that there are North Korean infiltrators coming into the Republic of Korea and those killed are not Republic of Korea revolutionaries but actually North Korean infiltrators. That is the type of information beamed to North Korea as well as other standards, straight news collected from AP, UPI, and other wire services.

Senator FULBRIGHT. Now this operation, is this a joint operation. or is this an American operation?

General MICHAELIS. It is under the Seventh Psyops Group, Okinawa, which is a U.S. element.

Senator FULBRIGHT. We pay for it?

General MICHAELIS. Yes, sir.

Senator FULBRIGHT. I am a little dull. What is the ultimate objective of it? What do we seek to accomplish? Are we trying to unseat the Government of North Korea by this operation?

Mr. PORTER. We are trying to correct the impressions which the Government of North Korea is disseminating about conditions in the South.

Senator FULBRIGHT. I understand that, but you mean that is all there is to it? There is no other objective beyond that? You are simply interested in telling the truth?

Mr. PORTER. True, there are other objectives, of course; to tell the truth about the state of affairs throughout the world.

Senator FULBRIGHT. I understand that.

Mr. PORTER. As we see it.

Senator FULBRIGHT. That is what occupies some of our philosophical friends, but I didn't know it was your mission to do this. So you are saying to the committee, the only thing we have in mind is just let the truth prevail. You have no political objective.

Mr. PORTER. We are not advocating the overthrow of the regime in the north.

Senator FULBRIGHT. And you did not have that as your objective? Mr. PORTER. Well, we do not

Senator FULBRIGHT. Do you or don't you? I just want to know the limit of our ambitions there.

General MICHAELIS. Sir, in the omnibus statement I indicated four missions. These are the four missions of the Voice of U.N. Command. Senator FULBRIGHT. I only want the one relative to this particular program.

PURPOSE OF VOICE OF U.N. COMMAND

General MICHAELIS. This is the entire program, the four missions of the Voice of U.N. Command.

Senator FULBRIGHT. Is there anything in addition to telling the truth? Yes, go ahead.

General MICHAELIS. No, there is not. VUNC serves as a military voice until peacetime conditions are restored in Korea, and to inform the North Korean audience of the presence and determination of the U.N. Command to resist Communist aggression.

Secondly, to counter aggression

Senator FULBRIGHT. Do you think there is any doubt in their minds as to that point? Do you think they have to be persuaded on this every day? I thought it had been going on long enough so that idea had gotten through.

General MICHAELIS. Sir, in North Korea the average person believes there is a revolution going on in the ROK. I believe that during the Ulchin landings the infiltrators came ashore thinking they would be conquerors, but were killed. The North Korean infiltrators, I am sure, felt they would be received with open arms. Actually the ROK populace in the area rose up and killed them. The purpose of the Voice of U.N. Command is to counter this incessant North Korean propaganda, lies, if you wish.

Senator FULBRIGHT. So it is really primarily to offset the propagando of the North?

General MICHAELIS. We get the constant propaganda, sir, day after day, beamed at us from North Korea.

35-205-70-pt. 6—11

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