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COMMITTEE ACTION ON MARSHALL PLAN PRAISED

Mr. HARRIMAN. I should not take the time of this committee, but I think some of us remember the first time I ever appeared before this committee was in 1948. Europe was about ready to collapse, and we thought that Stalin was going to take over Western Europe. In my opinion, Stalin would have taken over Western Europe if it had not been for the enlightened action of this committee. I remember very well a Republican who was chairman of this committee and who I respected as much as any man I have ever known in public life, the Senator from Michigan.*

There was a discussion and a debate, and I think we undertook one of the most enlightened moves of self-interest, and its effect is amazing. The Marshall Plan is alive today, and we have vigorous and capable partners.

Senator CAPEHART. He was not any more enthusiastic for it than I was.

Mr. HARRIMAN. It is rather hard for me to admit that we have failure after failure in the record of this country and in a post-war period. I think it will be written-

Senator CAPEHART. Let me make this statement: He was not any more enthusiastic over this idea, excepting that my idea or my thought was instead of giving them money, we should have loaned it to them.

SEATO MEMBERS WILL NOT BE SURPRISED

Senator SPARKMAN. Well, that is water over the dam.

I want to ask one or two more questions, very brief questions. I think I know the answer to this question, and it may have been implied in an answer you gave to one of Senator Capehart's questions, but has this been discussed with any of the SEATO members? Do they know that this may happen?

Mr. HARRIMAN. The general question has been discussed, yes. This particular comminique has not been discussed, but we have pointed out to them-there has been a general discussion among the SEATO members about this voting procedure, the reasons for it, the need for it, the lack of need for it, and, therefore, this will not come as a surprise to any of the SEATO members.

Senator CAPEHART. Mr. Chairman, may I ask this: Before you issue this will you tell the other members of SEATO that you are going to issue it?

Mr. HARRIMAN. I cannot answer you on that specifically. I am sure that we will tell the other members of the committee

Senator SPARKMAN. Not the members of the committee.

Mr. HARRIMAN [continuing]. The members of SEATO that Mr. Thant is invited to come here, the purposes of the discussion, but the language of the communique has not been discussed, and I do not know that it is necessary. It will not come as any surprise. It will come as a logical conclusion to the discussions which they know about.

Arthur H. Vandenberg.

CONSISTENCY IS HOBGOBLIN OF LITTLE MINDS

Senator SPARKMAN. Before we leave, Senator Capehart said something awhile ago about consistency. Carl Marcy reminded me of something that somebody said-I have just forgotten who it was-but I do remember that Senator [Henry F.] Ashurst said that of all the vices of which he was guilty, he had never been accused of the vice of consistency.

The one that Carl showed me was this-and I am not sure who used this-that consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.

Mr. CHAYES. Justice Holmes.

Senator SPARKMAN. Justice Holmes. And he said, Carl Marcy said, "Especially in foreign policy." That was Carl who added that, not Justice Holmes.

CONSULTATION COMMENDED

What I want to say is this: I join in what the others have said in expressing their appreciation for your coming here and discussing this with us. It is the kind of cooperation we ought to have, and I realize we are not called upon to take any action.

In other words, this is not a policy being set or even confirmed by this committee. We are not advising and consenting. We are simply being informed as to what is contemplated.

I do want to say that I have a very keen feeling regarding the importance of Southeast Asia. I think that Laos and Thailand-as much as I think of the apparent ease with which Thailand has gone with the winning side each time, nevertheless I think that it is highly important that we keep that part of Southeast Asia out of Communist hands. I think we ought to take any action that we can to that end.

I appreciate your coming.

Mr. HARRIMAN. May I say the press is waiting, and I think it might be better simply to say that we discussed with this committee the developments in Southeast Asia.

Senator SPARKMAN. We can call them right in here.

Mr. HARRIMAN. I do not think we ought to mention this question of the communique or the specific problem of Thailand. I will say that I explained the latest developments in Southeast Asia and answered any questions that you had. I do not think we ought to say much about the intended visit.

[Whereupon, at 5:05 p.m., the committee adjourned.]

MINUTES

THURSDAY, MARCH 1, 1962

U.S. SENATE,

SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPEAN AFFAIRS,

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,

Washington, DC.

The subcommittee met in executive session at 3 p.m., in

room F-53, Capitol.

Present: Senator Sparkman (subcommittee chairman).

The situation in Europe was discussed with Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, William R. Tyler.

No transcript was taken or record kept at the meeting.

(245)

MINUTES

TUESDAY, MARCH 6, 1962

U.S. SENATE,

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,

Washington, DC.

The committee met in executive session at 10:45 a.m., in room F-53, Capitol.

Present: Chairman Fulbright, and Senators Sparkman, Humphrey, Mansfield, Lausche, Church, Aiken, and Williams. Senator Sparkman presided in the beginning.

The committee discussed the mark-up of the bill (S. 2768) to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the purchase of United Nations bonds.

For record of the proceedings, see the official transcript. [The committee adjourned at 12:05 p.m.]

(246)

REPORT ON THE U-2 INCIDENT

[Editor's Note.-On May 5, 1960, the Soviet Union announced that it had shot down an American U-2 reconnaissance plane over its territory. American officials at first described it as a weather research plane and denied that it had been involved in espionage. Two days later, however, Soviet Premier Khrushchev revealed that the pilot was still alive and would stand trial for spying. That same day, the State Department admitted that the U-2 had been "endeavoring to obtain information now concealed behind the Iron Curtain." Khrushchev's demand that President Eisenhower apologize for the U-2 flights, and Eisenhower's refusal, led to the collapse of the 4-Power Summit Conference scheduled for later that month in Paris. The American pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was tried before a Soviet military tribunal and sentenced to 10 years in prison. However, on February 10, 1962, Powers was released in exchange for convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel. Powers returned to the United States, where he was interrogated by a special board of inquiry which the CIA had formed to investigate his capture.

On February 12, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee formally requested that it receive a full report of Powers' interrogation. At a news conference, the following day, President Kennedy said that Powers was "cooperating voluntarily" with the interrogation, and that the results would be made available to Congress.

On March 6, Powers testified before a public hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee. Chairman Richard Russell opened the hearing by reading a statement from the CIA board of inquiry that Powers had "lived up to the terms of his employment and instructions in connection with his mission and in connection with his mission as an American under the circumstances in which he found himself."]

TUESDAY, MARCH 6, 1962

U.S. SENATE,

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
Washington, DC.

The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 4 p.m., in room F-53, U.S. Capitol Building, Hon. J. William Fulbright (chairman of the committee) presiding.

Present: Chairman Fulbright and Senators Sparkman, Lausche, Symington, Hickenlooper, Aiken, and Williams.

Also present: Mr. Marcy, Mr. Denney, and Mr. Henderson of the committee staff.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will come to order.

We are very pleased this afternoon to have the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Mr. McCone. You have issued a statement concerning Powers? Does everybody have a copy?

Senator SYMINGTON. I had one but I have not got it here.

The CHAIRMAN. I have read it. There is no need of reading it since everybody has read it. We will proceed, if you would like to comment on it, Mr. McCone, and then we can ask questions if any of the committee wishes to ask questions.

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