about 18,000 British under General Howe, and about 11,000 Americans under General Washington. Half the British army under Lord Cornwallis turned the right flank of the Americans by a forced march of about eighteen miles along the Lancaster road, and drove back the American right under General Sullivan, while Knyphausen, with the other half, crossed at Chadd's Ford and forced the American center and left, under Greene and Wayne respectively, back towards Dilworth and Chester. The Americans, though defeated, withdrew in good order, and the three divisions safely effected a junction at Chester. The American loss was estimated at about 1,000 and the British at about 600.

John Paul Jones, a famous naval officer in the American Revolution, born in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, July 6, 1747, whose original name was John Paul ("Jones" being added later for reasons unknown), holds many honors in connection with the United States Flag. Upon the outbreak of the Revolution he offered his services on behalf of the Colonies and was early invited to aid the Naval Committee of Congress with information and advice. He also served on a commission for the purchase of vessels for the new navy, and on December 22, 1775, was commissioned senior first lieutenant of the flagship Alfred and raised the American (Grand Union) flag for the first time on a naval vessel, as Esek Hopkins, then Commander-in-chief of the American Navy, came aboard. After a short cruise under Hopkins, during which a successful attack was made on New

Providence, Bahama Islands, the American (Grand Union) flag was first hoisted on a foreign stronghold in March, 1776.

Jones was then transferred to the Providence with the rank of Captain and made a cruise to the West Indies and in forty-seven days captured sixteen prizes and destroyed a number of small vessels together with the fishery at Isle Madame. He then took command of the Alfred, and in November, 1776, sailed from Newport to Nova Scotia, where he captured a number of British coal transports; liberated one hundred Americans confined at hard labor in the mines; destroyed the Cape Breton fishery, and returned to Boston with several prizes.

In June, 1777, Jones was transferred to the command of the Ranger, one of the newly built vessels of the navy, and the one upon which the Stars and Stripes were hoisted for the first time. On November 1, 1777, he sailed from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with instructions to hover about the coast of Great Britain and destroy the English shipping.

Before entering the channel he stopped in France to deliver to the American commissioners the official dispatches announcing the surrender of Burgoyne and to confer with them in regard to his mission in European waters. On his arrival at Quiberon Bay, near Brest, France, the French fleet, in command of Admiral La Motte Pipuet, lay at anchor. Before entering the harbor, Jones sent a messenger to ascertain if his salute to the French fleet would be returned gun for gun. Upon being informed that he

would receive the same honors as any officer of equal rank from any other Republic, which was nine guns, Jones delayed his entry, saying he would sail in during daylight. He waited until the following morning, February 14, 1778, when he decided to accept the salute of nine guns, and entered the harbor firing a salute to the French colors of thirteen guns, which was promptly returned with nine guns. Thus Jones secured for the first time a foreign salute to the Stars and Stripes.

Jones then sailed to the north coast of England, seized the port of Whitehaven, spiked its guns, and burned some of the shipping.

On April 24, 1778, Jones captured, near the English coast, the British ship Drake, a twenty-gun warship of superior build, and carried it into Brest, France, with 160 prisoners. Thus Captain Jones, in command of the Ranger, was the first naval officer to compel a British man-of-war to strike her colors to the flag of the United States.

In 1792 John Paul Jones was appointed United States Consul to Algiers. He was then living in retirement in Paris, but died before his commission arrived. A long search, instituted by General Horace Porter, Ambassador to France, resulted in the discovery of his body in the old St. Louis Cemetery, in Paris, on April 14, 1905. The following July a United States squadron conveyed the body to Annapolis, Maryland, where it was buried, with the usual naval ceremonies.

The Star-spangled Banner, a National hymn, is by general order the National air of the army and navy and is recognized, though no actoin has been taken by Congress, as the National Anthem of the United States of America.

The lyric was written by Francis Scott Key who in 1814, during the attack of the British on Baltimore, went on an errand under a flag of truce to the British fleet, and was detained while the bombardment of Fort McHenry, the defense of Baltimore, was taking place. He watched the progress of the fight from the British frigate Surprise during the night, and in the morning, seeing the Stars and Stripes still waving triumphantly, composed the famous song. It was first published on September 21, 1814, in the Baltimore American and became almost instantly popular. Key directed that it should be sung to the tune, Anacreon in Heaven, composed in England by John Stafford between 1770 and 1775. The Starspangled Banner was first sung by Ferdinand Durang in a tavern near the Holiday Street Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland.

The Flag of the United States is the living symbol of this great American Republic; a symbol, many men have willingly fought and died for; it is a very sacred symbol, and worthy of every respect and honor that can be accorded it, by those living under its protection.

The citizens of the United States are patriotic at heart, willing and anxious to pay every honor with all respect to the Flag of their Country; yet, during

the first 146 years after the official adoption of the Stars and Stripes as the National emblem very little had been done to establish any rules or regulations, for the civilian population, describing the manner of bestowing such honors and respect to the United States Flag. Regulations were established from time to time by the War and Navy Departments regulating the honors to be shown the Flag but applied, largely, only to such occasions as it entered into the ceremonies of the military and naval services. Certain rules regarding the size and proportions of the Flag had been adhered to, but no official action was taken until 1912, when President Taft issued an executive order standardizing twelve flag sizes and regulating the proportions. These rules and regulations were not designed for the civilian and the average citizen knew little or nothing concerning them. (See Flag Code.)

In the absence of any assured rules or regulations prescribing the manner of displaying, honors to be accorded, respect shown, or etiquette to the Flag of the United States, it was becoming to be looked upon, more and more, as a bit of bunting to be used for decorating purposes for any and all occasions and by advertisers everywhere.

Patriotic, fraternal, and civic organizations everywhere have discussed the situation for years; volumes have been written; numerous citizens have been insulted, because of some unintentional lack of respect shown the Flag, but no Nation-wide effort was made to establish such a code of ethics for the citi