took a toll of 55,000 houses and 15,000 lives. As the force of the disturbance tends to be confined to a small geographic area, the burden upon the local authorities is correspondingly great. Two years after the 1935 quake, which visited only Shinchiku and Taichu Provinces, the reconstruction of the devastated area was reported to be only partly finished. The earthquakes usually are felt more severely in the north than in the south.

5. Land use. a. The Arisan forests. Lumbering of the forests on Mt. Ari was carried on by the GovernmentGeneral until September 1, 1942, when it was turned over to the Taiwan Development Co. A special 30" gage branch of the government railroad runs east from Kagi-shi for 46 miles to the forests, this line being extended as the lumbering progresses. The end of the line is reported to be at an elevation of 7,000 feet, the line having 73 tunnels, 65 bridges, and many sharp curves.

Although about 70 percent of the area of Taiwan is in forests, there are but three important lumbering centers: Taihei-san and the valley of the Dakusui River in Taihoku Province, Hasen-san in Taichu Province, and the most important one, Arisan. Most of the ¥12,388,628 of lumber produced in 1940 came from these centers. Bamboo, firewood and charcoal appear to be produced all over the island for local use, the value of these products in 1940 being respectively, ¥2,870,949, ¥4,575,080, and ¥4,014,422. In 1936 the oak and cypress from Arisan was valued at ¥1,640,000, but this production has been greatly increased in an effort to make Taiwan self-sufficient in lumber for the war program. From 1930 to 1940 the annual imports varied in value from ¥1,499,969 to a low in 1940 of ¥57,660.

The Arisan forest covers an area of 27,000 acres with trees of red cypress, mongolian oak, hemlock, pine and spruce. Some are 3,000 years old. Two of the largest have been called holy; they bear the cord with the Shintoistic emblem and are spared.

Lumbering is carried on by modern, mechanical equipment. The "pride of Kagi" is a modern sawmill which is said to be the largest in the Japanese Empire.

A 1934 report states that the sparks of the wood-burning forest railroad, and the burning of grass and bush by the aborigines, cause the destruction of extensive areas of forest.

b. Afforestation. An extensive program of afforestation has been developed in Taiwan to maintain the supply of camphor and other commercial trees, and for other purposes. A report for the year 1938 gives a total of 468 special purpose forests covering an area of nearly 700,000 acres. The forests were for protection against flying sand, wind protection, the maintenance of fish, protection against damage by sea water, the prevention of falling rocks, soil conservation, water reservoirs, and landscape purposes. Afforestation along the Tainan seacoast is of considerable importance, as the winter monsoons are reported to cause great damage to production along the western coast of the island. Before the government program of afforestation was developed, it was estimated that 16,000 ko of loose sand along the Taiwan coasts was blown by the

monsoon winds in storms "so dense that one could hardly see an inch ahead of him." Occasional sea-water inundations cause further damage.

c. Fish cultivation. Sabahi, a favorite fish of the Chinese, oysters, lobsters, carp, grey mullet and other fish are raised in salt and fresh water pools and on the mud flats. Oyster shells are placed on bamboo sticks stuck into the flats. They attract immature oysters carried in by the tide. These young oysters, nourished by the tides, grow to a large size in a year. Sabahi are raised in salt water pools where schools of young fish, caught in the open sea, grow to marketable size in a year.

d. Statistics on land use. The following tables give unusually detailed data on uses of taxed and untaxed land. Tables 2 and 3 are for Taiwan as a whole, tables 4 and 5, for Tainan Province, which has two tax offices, one at Tainan City and the other at Kagi City. The tables include data on shrine sites, military sites, and other significant types of land usage.

1. General statement. In order of value of the produce in 1939, the chief agricultural crops in Tainan Province were sugar cane, ¥52 million; rice, ¥43 million; sweetpotatoes, ¥11 million; peanuts, ¥4 million, and jute, ¥21⁄2 million. The province had about 25 percent of the total value of agricultural products in Taiwan. Sixty percent of the acreage in sesame in Taiwan was in Tainan Province, 50 percent of the cotton acreage, 45 percent of the sugar cane acreage, 45 percent of the peanut acreage, 43 percent of the jute acreage, 42 percent of the sweet potato acreage, 20 percent of the rice acreage, 12 percent of the acreage in citrus fruits, 12 percent of the pineapple trees and 10 percent of the banana trees.

Under the impact of war the Japanese are increasing the production of rice, cotton, jute, hemp, and the crops from which oil is derived: castor beans, sesame and perilla. Jute and hemp are needed to make burlap sacks for sugar and rice, 22,000,000 sacks being imported in 1938, mainly from India. Large areas were reported planted to rubber just prior to the war. The availability of sugar from Java and the Philippines has decreased the importance of Taiwan sugar, and there has been a decrease in sugar cane acreage. The 1943-44 acreage was set by the Government at 159,000 ko, which was a reduction of 11,000 ko from the previous year. Some of the sugar mills have been closed or transformed into other

Agricultural Experimental Station at Tainan-shf, Tomon-cho, with a branch at Kagi-shi, Shaten. Cotton Production Guidance Station at Tainan. (See Section VI, "Associations," p. 29 for agricultural associations, and Section VII, "Government," p. 32 for government control of agricultural products.)

3. Farm population. In 1939, 133,082 households were engaged in farming in Tainan Province. Approximately 38 percent were owners, 25 percent tenants, and 37 percent part-owners and part-tenants, the respective figures for Taiwan as a whole being 33 percent, 36 percent and 31 percent. The households in Tainan were on farms of the following sizes:

TABLE 7.-Farm households and size of farms, 1939 Size of farm in ko Total, all farms. Under 0.5 0.5-0.99

1.0-1.99. 2.0-2.99 3.0-4.99 5.0-6.99

7.0-9.99

10.0-19.99

20.0 and over.

Farm households Number

Percent

132, 082

100.00

29, 545

22.20

26, 445

19. 87

4. Irrigation. The Kanan Irrigation System, claimed to be the third largest in the world, conducts the waters of the Sobun River into the Kanden River and has a reservoir in Sobun-gun, Uzanto, just south of Kanden. The maximum capacity of the reservoir is 5,500,000,000 cubic feet, with a maximum depth of 140 feet. The dam is 4,172 feet long and 184 feet high. About 360,000 acres are irrigated by 800 miles of main water lines and 2,400 miles of smaller water lines. The system was begun in 1920 and in 11 years had cost ¥54,140,000, of which ¥26,000,000 came from the Taiwan treasury.

The water supply is insufficient for two crops of rice a year in the entire area served by the system, and to meet this difficulty a three-year rotation plan was adopted. The whole area is divided into water service districts of about 150 ko (380 acres), which are further divided into sections of 50 ko. Each district is rotated every year as follows: one paddy rice crop is planted in summer in the first section; one sugar cane crop is planted in the second section; and miscellaneous crops are planted in the third section. One complete rotation is made every three years. Water is supplied in the paddy rice and sugar cane fields, while no Consewater is supplied for the miscellaneous crops. quently, water is supplied to paddy field rice from June to September and to the sugar cane fields from November to April.

In addition to the 139,849 ko irrigated by the Kanan Reservoir in Tainan Province, 36,899 ko were irrigated by water utilization association canals and 3,747 ko by private canals..

Water utilization associations in Taiwan are juridical persons with articles of regulations and are under the con