the Formosan-Chinese to think and act as Japanese and at the same time keeping them in a position of entire subserviency in economic, political and social life.

It is very difficult to get a clear picture of efforts made to Japanize the Formosan-Chinese, for these efforts ramify in all directions in the society. The schools serve as the most important line of attack although they are not officially considered as "social education". Beyond doubt the thousands of welfare and relief committees in the island have been devised to further Japanization much more than to assist the needy. The ordinary struggle to make a living is used as a lever by the granting of special consideration to individuals who acquire Japanese ways. The control of news is an obvious device, as is propaganda by means of lectures, motion pictures, phonograph records and national festivals.

The formal program of Japanization centers about special language schools, young people's clubs, and village promotion societies.

b. Special language schools. People must speak Japanese if they are to be Japanized. To this end there were in Taiwan in 1939, 6,388 Japanese language training schools with a budget of ¥2,861,220; 8,738 elementary language schools with a budget of ¥330,005, and 1,256 language training schools for children with a budget of ¥167,112. Over 50 percent of these schools were in Tainan Province, the figures being 2,234, 5,898 and 805, respectively. No explanation of this high concentration is available.

Almost no information is at hand on how these schools operate. The first group, the Japanese language training schools, appears to be for adults and are reported to have 212 full-time Japanese and 4,557 full-time FormosanChinese teachers. Additional teachers numbered 1,618 Japanese and 5,046 Formosan-Chinese. If the entire budget for the schools is divided by the number of fulltime teachers, the resulting wage is about ¥600 per year, or ¥50 per month, and this would be allowing nothing for the additional teachers or any other expense. In view of the fact that Formosan-Chinese coolies were getting paid at the rate of about ¥1 per day, it is hard to reconcile the budget with the number of full-time teachers. It might be done by taking into account the fact that the average number of school days per year was 183. The other two groups of schools have no full-time teachers reported.

Teachers are appointed by government officials and must teach; students are required to attend. All persons under 60 years of age are to attend, sooner or later, for a period of three months, and may continue longer if they desire. Those who complete the three-months course are listed in official statistics as being able to "understand Japanese", which accounts for the statement that 45.59 percent of the Formosan-Chinese could understand Japanese in 1939. Probably no more than 15 percent actually have a working knowledge of the language.

c. Youth clubs. Young men's clubs and youg women's clubs are composed of people under 20 years of age who are attending public grammar school or who have completed the course of study at the village elementary school. Expenses are covered, as a rule, by the income from labor of members. Their purpose is to develop the members into good subjects of Japan by building their character, cultivating civic virtues and public spirit, encouraging willingness to serve in public affairs, the pursuit of learning of all kinds, the promotion of the custom of saving, and indoctrination in the importance of physical training. The young men's clubs are tied together through the Taiwan League of the Young Men's Club. There were 1,442 clubs in Taiwan in 1939 with 440,649 members, 384 of the clubs with 241,228 members being in Tainan Province. Several hundred boys' clubs also are in Taiwan, including the Red Cross Boys' Clubs, which are listed by the Japanese under "social education."

d. Village promotion societies. The activities of these Japanese-inspired improvement societies are listed as follows: visitation to shrines on holidays, respect for the national flag, the frequent use of Japanese, paying respect to the god's temple and image at home, improvement of living, the beautification of the villages, the payment of taxes, improvement of agricultural affairs, equipment of sanitary facilities, and arrangements for communication. Most of the societies have a room in a school, government office, or separate building, which, so they aver, has become the center of amusement for the inhabitants because it is provided with radio and newspapers. In Taiwan in 1939 there were 5,045 village promotion societies, 1,299 being in Tainan Province. They have a close connection with schools, young people's clubs, associations for practicing agriculture, and local policemen. It is doubtful whether these societies actually are of much importance.

Available data are assembled in this section on each gun and its subdivisions, but the data are uneven, being more complete on some areas and subjects than on others. The population figures and the information on the location of doctors, schools, and post offices were taken from official listings that purported to be complete. The location of police stations was determined from symbols on Japanese maps which did not distinguish the type of station. Other information was taken from a variety of sources, including the Taiwan Tetsudo Annai (Railway Guide to Taiwan), and the Nihon Chimei Daijiten (Japanese Geographical Place-name Encyclopedia).

Many of the Japanese doctors in Taiwan are now in military service and no longer are at their 1939 location. No reference is made to telephone or telegraph facilities in the following pages, but it is important to note that nearly all of the post offices have telephone and telegraph facilities for public use.

Rice polishing mills operated by electricity are reported to be in nearly all, if not all, of the shi, gai, and sho.

The population tables in Appendix I give the names of all the known towns and villages in each shi, gai, and sho in Tainan Province.

Tainan-shi was developed about 1590 by the migration of Chinese to Taiwan. In 1624 the city was occupied by the Dutch who constructed the Castle of Zeelandia in 1630 and the Castle of Providentia in 1650. In 1662 Koxinga, a supporter of the Ming dynasty in China, drove out the Dutch and ruled from Tainan. He died in the same year, and was succeeded by his son who was replaced by representatives of the Chinese Sung dynasty in 1684. The Chinese ruled the island until conquest by the Japanese in 1895. The capital remained at Tainan until 1885, when it was moved to Taihoku, where it now is. Tainan may well be called the historical center of Taiwan.

Population: The population in 1940 numbered 142,133, of whom 16,654 were Japanese and 3,222 foreign-Chinese. The corresponding figures for 1935 are 116,451, 15,982, and 3,896.

The Japanese Sailing Directions state that intestinal typhus and dysentery appear among the population at all times, and that local diseases are malaria, trachoma, and parasitic diseases.

The port: Ampin is the port of Tainan and a part of the city, being about two miles to the west. There is an irregularly shaped lagoon, with an open roadstead outside, the anchorage being about a mile off shore with a depth of about 30 feet. Good anchorage is obtained during the northeast monsoons from December to March when the water is calm. During the other months when there is a southwest monsoon, anchorage is difficult, and during the rough weather of the southwest monsoons ships cannot even anchor near the coast. High seas come up about 3 o'clock every afternoon during the summer, when loading and unloading must cease. A sandbar obstructed the old harbor mouth, and a new mouth was constructed a little over a mile to the south, from which a canal 6 feet deep and about 24 miles long has been dredged to Tainan. Native bamboo rafts (teppai) carry freight from the anchored ships up the canal to Tainan.

Trade through the Ampin port in 1937 was valued at about ¥20,000,000, all of it being intra-empire trade excepting foreign imports of ¥994,930 and foreign exports of ¥320,282. The foreign trade was with the China Coast. The Taiwan coastal vessels subsidized by the GovernmentGeneral did not stop at Ampin. The chief export was salt, Ampin being the salt center of Taiwan..

Transportation: Tainan is on the government railroad, 28.8 miles from Takao on the south. North from Tainan are Kagi, 38.2 miles; Taichu, 99.4 miles; Taihoku, 205.5 miles; and Keelung, 223.2 miles.

The Tainan Light Railroad Co. operates a pushear line from Meiji-cho north 12 miles to Kari, the fare being 89 sen. The same company has a line starting from Shimizucho going east 8 miles to Kambyo, the fare 60 sen; and a line running west to south to Entei which probably continues to the bathing beach at Kiju on the coast, a distance of a few miles. The Shinka pushear line starts from the western entrance of the park in Kaen-cho and runs northeast to Tamio, via Shinka, a distance of 22 miles. The fare to Tamai was 1 yen 96 sen; the scheduled time, 6 hours.

Two highways run north from Tainan, the government highway and the provincial highway nearer the coast. Joining at Tainan they continue as a single road south to Takao City. Other roads run to the east. The government busses go through Tainan on the government highway. Other busses run east to Kambyo, southwest to the beach at Wanri, and northeast to Tamai via Shinka. It is 6 miles to Wanri, the fare 25 sen, the scheduled time, 40 minutes. Transportation in the city is by bus, the fare 10 sen, the fare to Ampin, 22 sen. Rickshaws cost 22 sen a ri (2.44 miles), or ¥1.25 for 5 hours, and ¥2.20 for 10 hours.

An airfield is 3 miles to the south and east, and another 4 miles to the northeast. Planes from Taihoku to Takao made regular stops at Tainan.

Utilities: Tainan has a water system the source of which is the Sobun River 10 miles from Tainan, 8 kilometers upstream from the Sobun-kei bridge. The water is pumped to a conduit well, from which it proceeds by natural flow. A reserve pond has been constructed for use in times of flood. In 1937 there were 23,880 houses in the area of the waterworks, of which 6,938 had water service. There were 5,807 "feed-cocks," which may be public faucets. A water main goes to Ampin.

A report for 1926 states there were 136 hydrants, 121 wells and 2 water reservoirs available for use in firefighting. A voluntary or semi-voluntary fire-fighting brigade of 78 men had one automobile pump and other lesser equipment. The total expenditure for 1926 was only ¥16,900.

It is possible that gas is piped to Tainan from the Gyunikiku oil field near Bansha in Shinei-gun.

A public bathing beach is on the coast at Kiju, 5 miles southeast, and another is reported a little to the south at Wanri.

Post offices: A new post office was constructed in Tainan between 1935 and 1939 at a cost of ¥104,000. This may have been the main post office or one of the branches which are located at Taisho-sho in front of the railroad station; at Hon-machi; at Omiya-cho, and at Ampin.

Government agencies:

Provincial government, Saiwai-cho.
Municipal government, Taisho-cho.
Police station, Saiwai-cho.

Niitoyo gun government, Tomon-cho.
District court, Nanmon-cho.

Tainan prison, Izuni-cho. A new prison was constructed between 1935 and 1939 at a cost of ¥296,000. A new court building was constructed during the same period at a cost of ¥183,000.

Tainan Hospital, Taisho-cho. Between 1935 and 1939 a new hospital building was erected at a cost of ¥552,000, and in all probability it was for this, the Tainan Hospital. Monopoly Bureau branch offices in Hokumon-cho and at Anhei.

Customs office, Anhei branch.

Tainan Meteorological station, Kaen-cho.

Office of Weights and Measures, Hokumon-cho.

The government radio station is south of the provincial office building and east of the prison.

A steeplechase is just east of the city, but it is not known whether it is government-operated. Probably it is under the Nokai (Farmers Association), which is centralized in the Government-General and has considerable sums in its budget for horse racing.

Salt water Fish Culture Experiment station, a little east of Ampin.

Military buildings:

Second Infantry Regiment, Asahi-cho.

Military Police Squad, Shimizu-cho.

Army Intendance Corps Despatch Post, Rosho-cho.
Army Garrison Branch Hospital, Sambunshi.
Other recent developments.

Schools: Eight primary schools for Formosan-Chinese ; three primary schools for Japanese, and eight other schools, as follows:

Tainan Industrial Special School, Koko.

Tainan First Middle School, Sampunshi (Teishiryo).
Tainan Second Middle School, Chikuen-cho. Take-
zone-cho (Chikuen-cho).

Tainan First Girls High School, Midori-cho.
Tainan Second Girls High School, Tobansan.
Tainan Deaf and Blind School, Kotobuki-cho.
Tainan Commercial Special School, Nammon-cho.
Tainan Girls Practical School, Nammon-cho.

A new building was constructed for the normal school about 1937 at a cost of ¥730,000.

Annual production: The total value of industrial production in 1936 was ¥7,720,000, of which salt was the most important. 4,000 acres of fish-culture land had a production of ¥1,390,000. Ocean fishing was valued at ¥140,000; rice, ¥120,000; vegetables, ¥180,000; sugarcane, ¥110,000; and sweetpotatoes, ¥90,000.