The assembly from deployed line is likewise executed as in the standard assembly except that each squad assembles on No. 3 front rank.

The wedge will be formed from the deployed line by the same commands and according to the same principles as from close order, except that the leader will normally take a somewhat greater distance to the front. The diagonal will likewise be formed from the deployed line the same as from close order.

223. Decision.-When approaching a crowd take decisive action immediately. Do not halt and create an appearance of indecision. If immediate attack is not possible, occupy a position which may be used as a base for later action. If the mob succeeds in breaking through the attacking force, the reserve should act immediately to stop their advance.

224. Employment of the wedge.-The wedge is the normal offensive formation for breaking up, splitting, or striking into a crowd. The wedge alone will not normally disperse a crowd from a street or other open space, but it will so split it that cleaning up what is left is a simple task. The platoon is the normal unit for the average street, the squad being best adapted for sidewalks. A squad wedge is especially suited for making an arrest out of a crowd.

225. Supports.-With the exception of the squad wedge for making an arrest, none of the special formations described should be employed without an adequate support. For the wedge and diagonal, the support should ordinarily be at least equal to the front line. It usually follows the front line at such distance as will permit prompt reinforcement, but not so close as to deprive it of freedom of action. In wedge or diagonal formation the support usually follows the squad at 5 to 10 paces, and the platoon at 10 to 15 paces. The support marches in close order, unless a good reason exists for not doing so, which permits it to be easily handled, especially toward a flank. The support for a defense line may be smaller than that required for offensive work. The support commander marches in advance of his command.

226. Reserves.-As large a reserve as possible should be maintained for use only when absolutely necessary. Once committed to action, a new reserve should be formed from units temporarily disengaged, or from new units arriving. The reserve should include men armed with rifles and shotguns in the event it becomes necessary to change to mob tactics. It is 39854-27-9

normally held in close order in a position affording protection to its flanks and rear.

227. Marching through and clearing streets.-Troops should not be marched through crowded city streets, even though the crowd may not seem openly hostile. The street should be

Care

cleared and the crowd dispersed as the troops advance. should be exercised to prevent missiles being thrown from houses, windows, or sidewalks, even though harmless, as such acts lessen the respect for the troops and encourage further disorder. Advance and rear detachments should always be employed, the leading group driving the crowd before it, while the rear group prevents the mob from reforming and closing in on the troops. The strength of these parties varies with the number of troops and the size and temper of the crowd. In moving on parallel streets, communication should be established between all columns at each cross street before resuming the advance. If columns are stopped in the middle of a block, those reaching the cross streets are in a position to attack the flanks of the obstruction.

228. Meeting and dispersing a crowd.-When the crowd is not too deep, a frontal attack may be made. A warning to disperse should first be given, whenever possible, the troops continuing to advance. In most cases, the steady advance of the troops will force the crowd back. Flanking detachments should be sent to break up the rear of a densely packed crowd, as pressure from the rear would prevent rioters in front from retreating in case frontal attack is commenced immediately. While the flanking detachments are working, the remaining troops prevent further disorder or forward movement of the crowd, the frontal pressure being increased after the flanking detachments have completed their work. It is essential to promptly subdue any resistance the instant it starts and before others have a chance to join in. When an individual attempts to resist by seizing a soldier's gun or striking at him, every other soldier in that vicinity who can do so should at once spring to the assistance of his comrade and vigorously assist him in suppressing his opponent before other members of the crowd (mob) can join in the struggle. If the few bolder spirits who have the nerve to "start something are promptly overwhelmed by superior numbers the crowd is quickly subdued. The worst mistake that can be made in such cases is to permit an individual soldier to struggle alone with a rioter while his comrades hesitate for even a second in going to his assistance. The drbers are frequently physically superior, individually,

to many of the soldiers in an organization. It is the conviction that if they start trouble it will be with the entire platoon or company and not merely with an individual that awes them. 229. Weapons.-The normal weapons of the troops are heavy and unwieldy when used as clubs, and their use as such may result in defeat. A rifle used as a club may be easily seized and wrested from the soldier. It is best to avoid hand to hand fighting whenever possible. The riot stick is the chief offensive weapon for use against crowds, firearms being used only as a last resort in extreme cases. In many cases the bayonet may be used to avoid bloodshed, but care must be exercised in its use against mobs larger than the force employed. Once surrounded and engaged in hand to hand fighting, the troops immediately lose their superior advantage in weapons and training.

230. Surprise.-Surprise is of great value in handling crowds. A blow struck from an unexpected angle, or at an unexpected time, may be the means of lightening the ultimate task. Strike the first blow hard and with all available force, exclusive of the reserves, if immediate success is to be gained and order restored.

231. Flanks.-The flanks of a street crowd are always its long sides, regardless of the direction in which it is facing. An attack made on a short side necessitates pushing the whole mass of the crowd; an attack on a long side offers less resistance due to lack of depth, and often results in splitting the crowd into two or more parts. A crowd that is split is more easily dispersed than one that is intact.

232. Division.-Do not attempt to do more than the force at hand will permit, after making full allowance for the necessary supports and reserves. If the crowd is too large to deal with as a whole, it is best to split it into several parts and disperse them separately.

233. Plan of action.-Formulate a definite plan of action before striking, and fully inform yourself that your subordinates understand it and adhere thereto.

234. Reports.-Communication must be maintained between all parts of the command, subordinates on detached duty being required to keep their superiors advised of their actions and dispositions. A report that everything is quiet is the most useful information that can be sent.

235. Patrols.-Once a crowd is definitely broken up, patrols may be used to keep the street open and break up immediately any threatening groups which may try to form. Motor patrols

all other persons lawfully called, drafted, or ordered into, or to duty for training, in, the said service, from the dates they are required by the terms of the call, draft, or order to obey the same.

b. Cadets.

c. Officers and soldiers of the Marine Corps when detached for service with the armies of the United States by order of the President: Provided, That an officer or soldier of the Marine Corps, when so detached, may be tried by military court-martial for an offense committed against the laws for the government of the naval service prior to his detachment, and for an offense committed against these articles he may be tried by a naval court-martial after such detachment ceases.

d. All retainers to the camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the armies of the United States without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and in time of war all such retainers and persons accompanying or serving with the armies of the United States in the field, both within and without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, though not otherwise subject to these articles.

e. All persons under sentence adjudged by courts-martial. f. All persons admitted into the Regular Army Soldiers' Home at Washington, D. C.

ART. 28. Certain acts to constitute desertion.-Any officer who, having tendered his resignation, and prior to due notice of the acceptance of the same, quits his post or proper duties without leave and with intent to absent himself permanently therefrom shall be deemed a deserter.

Any soldier who, without having first received a regular discharge, again enlists in the Army, or in the militia when in the service of the United States, or in the Navy or Marine Corps of the United States, or in any foreign army, shall be deemed to have deserted the service of the United States; and where the enlistment is in one of the forces of the United States mentioned above, to have fraudulently enlisted therein. Any person subject to military law who quits his organization or place of duty with the intent to avoid hazardous duty or to shirk important service shall be deemed a deserter.

ART. 54. Fraudulent enlistment.-Any person who shall procure himself to be enlisted in the military service of the United States by means of willful misrepresentation or concealment as to his qualifications for enlistment, and shall receive pay or allowances under such enlistment, shall be punished as a court-m al may direct.

ART. 55. Officer making unlawful enlistment.-Any officer who knowingly enlists or musters into the military service any person whose enlistment or muster in is prohibited by law, regulations, or orders shall be dismissed from the service or shall suffer such punishment as a court-martial may direct. ART. 57. False returns-Omission to render returns.-Every officer whose duty it is to render to the War Department or other superior authority a return of the state of the troops under his command, or of the arms, ammunition, clothing, funds, or other property thereunto belonging, who knowingly makes a false return thereof, shall be dismissed from the service and suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. And any officer who, through neglect or design, omits to render such return shall be punished as a courtmartial may direct.

ART. 58. Desertion.-Any person subject to military law who deserts or attempts to desert the service of the United States shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, and if the offense be committed at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a court-martial may direct.

ART. 59. Advising or aiding another to desert.-Any person subject to military law who advises or persuades or knowingly assists another to desert the service of the United States shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, and if the offense be committed at any other time, any punishment, excepting death, that a court-martial may direct.

ART. 60. Entertaining a deserter. Any officer who, after having discovered that a soldier in his command is a deserter from the military or naval service or from the Marine Corps, retains such deserter in his command without informing superior authority or the commander of the organization to which the deserter belongs, shall be punished as a courtmartial may direct.

ART. 61. Absence without leave.-Any person subject to military law who fails to repair at the fixed time to the properly appointed place of duty, or goes from the same without proper leave, or absents himself from his command, guard, quarters, station, or camp without proper leave, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 62. Disrespect toward the President, Vice President, Congress, Secretary of War, governors, legislatures.-Any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespectful words against the