66. Warrant officers, noncommissioned officers.-Between warrant officers of the same grade and subgrade, if any, and be tween noncommissioned officers of the same grade precedence is determined:

1

a. According to the date of rank stated in their warrants. b. When such dates of rank are the same, by length of active service in the Army.

c. When such dates of rank and length of active service in the Army are the same, by length of service in the Marine Corps or Navy.

d. When the foregoing tests are not sufficient, by lot.

COMMAND

(A. R. 600-20 and N. G. R. 35)

67. Right of command, how acquired.-Command is exercised by virtue of office and the special assignment of officers holding military rank who are eligible by law to exercise command. Officers of the Army are assigned to stations or commands where their services are most required, and are there assigned to appropriate duties by the commanding officer. Without orders from competent authority an officer can not put himself on duty by virtue of his commission alone, except as contemplated in subsequent paragraphs.

68. Certain officers limited in exercise of.-Officers of the General Staff, chiefs of combatant branches or officers on duty in the offices of such chiefs, officers of The Adjutant General's Department, Inspector General's Department, Judge Advocate General's Department, Finance Department, Ordnance Department, Quartermaster Corps, or Chemical Warfare Service, or an officer of the line detailed for duty in any of these branches or with the Militia Bureau or the Bureau of Insular Affairs, though eligible to command, according to his rank, will not assume command of troops, except those of his branch or bureau or that in which he is on duty, unless put on duty under orders which specifically so direct by authority of the President. An officer of the Medical Department can not exercise command, except in his own branch, but any staff officer, by virtue of his commission, may command all enlisted men like other commissioned officers.

69. Appropriate command. The following are the commands appropriate to each grade:

a. For a lieutenant (first or second), a platoon, b. For a captain, a company.

c. For a major, a battalion.

d. For a lieutenant colonel, any part of a regiment larger than a battalion, a regiment, or a battalion in the absence of its commanding officer.

e. For a colonel, a regiment.

f. For a brigadier general, a brigade.
g. For a major general, a division.
h. For a lieutenant general, a corps.
i. For a general, an army.

70. Death, disability, or absence of head.-In the event of the death, disability, or temporary absence of the head, or the person in command or in charge of any element of the War Department or of the Army, the next senior present and on duty therein or therewith, wherever he may be stationed, will, except as otherwise ordered or required, exercise the functions of such head, or person in command or in charge, until relieved by proper authority.

71. Absence or disability of all officers of a unit. In the event of the death, disability, or absence of all the officers of a unit, the post or other commander will assign an officer, preferably from the organization to which the unit belongs, to its command.

72. Functions of temporary command.-The functions assigned to any officer by title of office devolve upon the officer acting in his place except when otherwise specified. An officer.in temporary command shall not, except in urgent cases, alter or annul the standing orders of the permanent commander without authority from the next higher commander.

73. Successor in command. An officer who succeeds to any command or duty stands in regard to his duties in the same situation as his predecessor. The officer relieved will turn over to his successor all orders in force at the time and all the public property and funds pertaining to his command or duty.

74. Power to quell quarrels, frays, and disorders.—All officers, members of the Army Nurse Corps, warrant officers, and noncommissioned officers have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disorders among persons subject to military law and to order officers who take part in the same into arrest, and other persons subject to military law who take part in the same into arrest or confinement, as circumstances may require, until their proper superior officer is acquainted therewith. (Sixty-eighth article of war.)

75. Suspension from command. An officer in arrest can not exercise command of any kind. An officer may also be suspended from command by sentence of a court-martial. Sus

pension from command deprives an officer of authority to exercise his proper military command, to give orders to or exact obedience from his juniors, or perform any other duties that go with the exercise of command. It does not affect his right of promotion or any military rights or privileges other than those attaching to command.

THE RATION

(A. R. 30-2210)

76. The ration is the allowance of food for the subsistence of one man for one day. It is issued to enlisted men, but not to officers or warrant officers except in the field during active operations. When issued to officers and warrant officers the cost is deducted from their pay.

77. The following kinds of rations are provided: The garrison ration.

The travel ration.

The reserve ration.

The field ration.

78. Garrison ration (for all persons entitled to a ration except under specific conditions for which other rations are prescribed):

NOTE. When it is impracticable to bake soft bread, or if

for any reason it is more economical to purchase than to bake

it, soft bread will be a component in lieu of an equal quantity of flour.

79. Travel ration (for troops traveling otherwise than by marching, and separated from cooking facilities):

80. Reserve ration (for use in campaign when the field ration is not available):

The reserve ration is an article of field equipment, and, except in emergencies, will be opened only by order of a commissioned officer. Organization commanders are responsible for the proper care and use of reserve rations when issued to enlisted men.

81. Field ration.-The field ration is that prescribed for all persons entitled to a ration in time of war and whenever, the ration-savings privilege is suspended. Its components will be prescribed by the War Department or the commander of the field forces and will correspond as nearly as practicable with the components of the garrison ration.

82. The garrison ration, as given above, costs, for the Regular Army, approximately 50 cents. Under authority of National Guard Regulations the maximum for the National Guard is 50 cents while in camp, $1.20 while traveling to camp, and 70 cents while returning from camp.

83. Rations are drawn from the issuing officer under authority of the "ration return" approved by the commanding officer, showing the number of enlisted men entitled to be subsisted, and the actual period in camp-date and hour of arrival to date and hour of departure. There are no "savings" to the organization of money value of rations not drawn. Any excess drawn is paid for by the organization.

INDIVIDUAL COOKING

84. Generally, the cooking while in camp is done by the company cooks, who should be instructed in the training manuals, The Cook and The Baker, and the Militia Bureau pamphlet. Notes on Messing and Mess Management. For purposes of instruction or when at an overnight camp away from the mess, rations for one or two meals are sometimes issued to the individual soldier and he is required to do his own cooking. The following rules and information will assist in preparing the food in an edible manner:

85. The best fire for individual cooking is a small, clear one or a few brisk coals. To make such a fire, first gather a number of sticks about 1 inch in diameter. These should be dry. Dead limbs adhering to a tree are drier than those picked up from the ground. Split some of these and shave them up into kindling. Dig a trench in the ground, laid with the wind, about a foot long, 4 inches wide, and 6 inches deep. Start the fire in this trench, gradually piling on the heavier wood as the fire grows. When the trench is full of burning wood, allow it a few minutes to burn down to coals and stop blazing high. Then rest the meat can and cup over the trench and start cooking. Either may be supported, if necessary, with green sticks. If you can not scrape a trench in the soil, build one up out of rocks or with two parallel logs.

86. Coffee. Fill the cup two-thirds full of water and bring to a boil. Add 1 heaping spoonful of coffee and stir well, adding 1 spoonful of sugar if desired. Set it to the side of the fire to simmer (not boil) for 10 to 20 minutes. Then, to clear the coffee, throw in a spoonful or two of cold water. This coffee is of medium strength and is within the limit of the ration if made but twice a day.

87. Bacon.-Cut a side of bacon in half lengthwise. Then cut slices about five to the inch, three of which should generally be sufficient for one man for one meal. Place in a meat can with about one-half inch of cold water. Let come to a boil and then pour the water off. Fry over a brisk fire, turning