the bacon once, and quickly browning it. Remove the bacon to lid of meat can, leaving the grease for frying potatoes, onions, etc.

88. Potatoes (fried)—Take two medium-sized potatoes or one large one (about one-half pound), peel and cut into slices about one-fourth inch thick and scatter well in the meat can in which the grease remains after frying the bacon. Add sufficient water to half cover the potatoes, cover with the lid to keep the moisture in, and let come to a boil for about 15 to 20 minutes. Remove the cover and dry as desired. Salt and pepper to taste. During the cooking the bacon already prepared may be kept on the cover which is most conveniently placed bottom side up over the cooking vegetables. 89. Onions (fried).Same as potatoes.

90. Potatoes (baked).-Take two medium-sized potatoes (about one-half pound) or one large one cut in half. Lay in a bed of light coals and cover with same and smother with ashes. Do not disturb for 30 or 40 minutes, when they should be done.

91. Canned tomatoes. One 2-pound can is generally sufficient for five men.

1

Stew. Pour into the meat can one man's allowance of tomatoes and add about two large hardtacks broken into small pieces and let come to a boil. Add salt and pepper to taste, or add a pinch of salt and one-fourth spoonful of sugar.

Or, having fried the bacon, pour the tomatoes into the meat can, the grease remaining, and add, if desired, two broken hardtacks. Set over a brisk fire and let come to a boil,

Or, heat the tomatoes just as they come from the can, adding two pinches of salt and one-half spoonful of sugar, if desired. Or, especially in hot weather, eaten cold with hard bread, they are very palatable.

THE FORAGE RATION

92. The forage ration is given in National Guard regulation 79, paragraph 35.

SHELTER

(F. S. R. Ch. X)''

93. Good shelter contributes greatly to the maintenance of the efficiency of troops in the field. The character of the shelter is determined by the special conditions existing in each situa

tion. The underlying principle is to utilize the best available facilities for shelter so far as is consistent with the situation, and to improve existing facilities to the extent permitted by prevailing conditions. According to circumstances, troops in the theater of operations are sheltered in bivouac, camps, or billets.

94. Troops are in bivouac when resting on the ground covered only by shelter tents or hastily improvised shelter, or without any overhead cover. Bivouac facilitates tactical control and readiness for action. It is, however, undesirable from the viewpoint of comfort, rest, and protection from the weather and is therefore resorted to only when required by tactical conditions. In proximity to the enemy, the tactical distribution of the troops imposed by the situation and the necessary degree of readiness for action generally require the use of bivouacs.

95. Troops are in camp when sheltered by tentage other than shelter tents or quartered in huts or other temporary structures especially constructed for military purposes (cantonments). Camps facilitate control of the troops and administration but are not practicable for the shelter of units engaged in active operations. On account of the mobility of tentage, the use of tent camps is advantageous for the purposes of temporary shelter; where the camp site is to be used for a prolonged period for the shelter of troops, cantonments are more economical than tent camps on account of the rapidity with which the tentage becomes unserviceable.

96. Troops are in billets when occupying private or public buildings not especially designed for military purposes. Billeting in dwellings in the United States and its possessions is limited by the third amendment to the Constitution, which provides that "no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." Use may be made of public buildings when available, or private buildings may be rented. In enemy territory billeting is resorted to when shelter of this character is most advantageous in the particular situation. Families are not removed from their dwellings when it can be avoided. In the territory of an ally the billeting of troops is governed by the laws and customs of the allied country. Billets afford excellent shelter and permit of the screening of troops from aerial observation; they have, moreover, the advantage of offering an immediately available "m of shelter which does not require an expenditure of labor

or material. Billets do not, however, favor a high degree of readiness for action, and the tactical situation usually renders their use inadvisable in close proximity to the enemy. The danger of the transmission of disease inherent in billeting requires careful inspections and strict enforcement of sanitary rules. Insufficiency in billeting space frequently results in a combination of billets with other forms of shelter (close billets).

97. Arrangements for sheltering troops are, as far as practicable, made before their arrival. The preparations for quartering a command are made by means of quartering parties composed of a staff officer of the command with the necessary assistants, a medical officer, and representatives of the several units. The staff officer of the command is the chief quartering officer. The duties of quartering parties are to select the quartering area when this has not already been determined and make arrangements for its occupancy with the proper authority; to apportion the area to the subordinate units and allot to each the available facilities for its administration and supply, subject to the approval of the area commander; to reserve facilities for the general service of supply, administration, and command (headquarters, infirmaries, message centers, guards, etc.); in general, to take the necessary measures to assure that all agencies of command, administration, and supply continue functioning with the least possible interruption after the arrival of the troops.

THE SELECTION OF CAMP AND BIVOUAC SITES

98. The general location of camps and bivouacs is determined by service requirements. A camp or bivouac must be located with reference to the main objectives of the troops. Within the limitations by these objectives, every possible consideration is given to the requirements of sanitation, administration, and supply, and the comfort of the troops.

99. The following sanitary considerations are of especial importance:

Drainage. The site should be sufficiently high and rolling to

drain off the storm water.

Dryness.-Porous soil covered with a stout turf and underlaid by a gravelly or sandy subsoil is best; a clay subsoil is usually damp and impermeable. Alluvial soils, marshy ground, and ground near the foot of a range of hills are usually damp. Dry beds of streams are subject to sudden freshet.

Freedom from sources of infection. The available water supply should be free from contamination; the proximity of marshes or stagnant water is undesirable on account of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit; old camp sites are often permeated by elements of disease which persist for considerable periods.

Considerations of convenience of administration and supply include the following:

Convenience of the site to an abundant water supply.

Adequacy of roads leading to the camp and of necessary communications within the camp.

Ready availability of wood, forage, straw, and other supplies. 100. Comfort of the troops is promoted by selecting a shelter area large enough for their accommodation without crowding and affording means of interior communication without compelling the troops of one unit to pass through the area of another; in hot weather, selecting a site shaded by trees, free from underbrush, and sufficiently high to obtain the benefit of prevailing breezes; in cold weather, locating the site on ground sloping to the south or with woods to break the north wind.

SANITATION

101. Immediately on going into shelter, guards are posted to enforce the proper use of the water supply. Places are designated for obtaining drinking and cooking water, for watering animals, for bathing, and for washing clothes. If the water supply is obtained from a small stream, these places are designated in the order stated, beginning upstream. The water supply furnished by small streams may be increased by building dams; springs may be dug out and lined with stones, boxes, or barrels. Surface drainage is kept out by a curb of clay. Water not known to be pure is chlorinated or boiled, then cooled and aerated.

102. Camps are kept in thorough police at all times. They are policed daily after breakfast, and all refuse matter is buried or burned. Tent walls are raised, and the bedding and clothing are aired daily, weather permitting. Immediately on going into bivouac latrines are constructed; this is a measure of fundamental sanitary importance, since the most serious epidemics in the field are spread from human excreta, by carriage of germs of disease from them by flies, or by pollution of the water supply by drainage into it. Latrines for the men are always located on the opposite side of the camp or bivouac

from the kitchens, generally one for each company unit and one for the officers of a battalion or similar unit. In evacuating a shelter area the site is thoroughly policed, fires put out, and latrines and kitchen pits filled and covered.

PERMANENT OR SEMIPERMANENT CAMPS

103. Where there are no cantonment buildings heavy tentage is pitched. This consists of the wall tents for officers, pyramidal tents for the enlisted men, the company office and supply tent, hospital tents for the hospital, storage tents for the supplies not issued to companies and which require protection from the weather, and for the regimental headquarters, common tents for latrines where materials for more suitable ones are not available, and wall tent flies for kitchens, where screened wooden buildings have not been provided.

104. Upon arrival at the camp site the commanding officer designates the line of the heads of company streets, the lines of company, battalion, and regimental officers' tents, and the order in which companies will go into camp (from the rightusually in the order of lettered companies A to M, headquarters company, howitzer company, and the service company, battalion headquarters companies on flank of the battalion). The right front corner of the first tent (facing with the tent) on the left (as viewed from the officers' line) in each company street should be marked with a tent peg when company commanders take charge of the tent pitching in their respective company streets.

105. The pyramidal tents of the company are usually pitched in two parallel lines, facing each other, about 50 feet apart. (For small peace-time companies one line may be preferable.) The lines are designated "right" and "left" as viewed from the line of officers' (wall) tents, which are pitched perpendicular to the line of pyramidal tents and facing them at about 75 feet. The line of tents is staked out by placing a tent pin for the position of the door of each tent at 30-foot intervals. This allows a 2-foot passageway between tents. The kitchen fly occupies the position of the first tent on the right. The company orderly room is the first tent on the left, the first sergeant and company clerk being assigned thereto. The second tent on the right is for the mess sergeant and cooks and the rations. The second (and third for Field Artillery) on the left for the company headquarters detachment. The last tent on the right is for the supply sergeant and artificers (mechanics) with their