any sign. In this way the salute came to be the symbol or sign by which soldiers (freemen) might recognize each other. The lower classes began to imitate the soldiers in this respect, although in a clumsy, apologetic way, and thence crept into civil life the custom of raising the hand or nodding as one passed an acquaintance. The soldiers, however, kept their individual salute, and purposely made it intricate and difficult to learn in order that it could be acquired only by the constant training all real soldiers received. To this day armies have preserved their salute, and when correctly done it is at once recognized and never mistaken for that of the civilian. All soldiers should be careful to execute the salute exactly as prescribed. The civilian who tries to imitate the military salute invariably makes some mistake which shows that he is not a real soldier; he gives it in an apologetic manner, he fails to stand or march at attention, his coat is unbuttoned or hat on awry, or he fails to look the person saluted in the eye. There is a wide difference in the method of rendering and the meaning between the civilian salute as used by friends in passing, or by servants to their employees, and the military salute, the symbol and sign of the military profession. The manner of saluting is prescribed in paragraphs 25 and 246. The occasions for saluting are prescribed in paragraphs 20-29.

COURTESIES IN CONVERSATION

19. In speaking to an officer always stand at attention and use the word "Sir." Examples:

"Sir, Private Brown, Company B, reports as orderly."

'Sir, the first sergeant directed me to report to the captain." (Question by an officer.) "To what company do you belong?" (Answer.) Company H, sir."

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(Question by an officer.) "Has first call for drill sounded?" (Answer.) No, sir; or "Yes, șir; it sounded about five minutes ago."

(Question by an officer.) "Can you tell me, please, where Major Smith's tent is?"

(Answer.) "Yes, sir; I'll take you to it."

Use the third person in speaking to an officer. Examples: "Does the lieutenant wish," etc.

"Did the captain send for me?"

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In delivering a message from one officer to another, always use the form similar to the following: Lieutenant A presents his compliments to Captain B and states," etc. This form is not

used when the person sending or receiving the message is an enlisted man. In all official conversation refer to other soldiers

by their titles, thus: Sergeant B, Private C.

SALUTES

(A. R. 600-25 and 600-30)

20. When the national anthem is played.-a. Whenever or wherever the national anthem is played or "To the color " (standard) sounded, at the first note thereof all dismounted officers and enlisted men present, but not in formation, will stand at "attention," facing the music, and render the prescribed salute (see par. 25), except that at "Escort of the

color" or at " Retreat they will face toward the color or

flag. The position of salute will be retained until the last note of the music is sounded. Those mounted on animals will halt and render the salute mounted. Vehicles in motion will be brought to a halt. Occupants of vehicles (except drivers) will dismount. Drivers of vehicles will sit at 'attention."' Individuals leading animals or standing to horse will stand at "attention " but will not salute.

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b. The same marks of respect prescribed in a above will be shown toward the national anthem of any other country when played upon official occasions.

21. To national and regimental colors.-All persons in the military service and bodies of troops will salute the uncased national or regimental color (standard). When field music is present with troops "To the color " (standard) will be

sounded.

22. Definitions.-a. Out of doors.-Structures such as drill halls, riding halls, gymnasiums, and other roofed inclosures used for drill or exercise of troops are considered as out of doors.

b. Indoors. When the word "indoors" is used in these regulations it is construed to mean being in offices, hallways, kitchens, orderly rooms, amusement rooms, bathrooms, dwellings, etc. c. Under arms.-The expression "under arms" will be understood to mean

(1) With arms in hand.

(2) Having attached to the person a hand arm or the equipment pertaining directly to the arm, such as cartridge belt, pistol holster, automatic rifle belt. Exception: Officers wearing the officers' belt, model 1921, without arms attached.

23. Between officers.- -a. Out of doors.-On meeting, all officers will salute, except as noted below. The junior officer will salute first, except when the salute is introductory to a report made at a military ceremony or formation, to a representative of a common superior, as for example, to the adjutant or officer of the day, in which case the officer making the report, whatever his rank, will salute first and the officer to whom the report is made will acknowledge, by saluting, that he has received and understood the report.

Salutes will not be required between officers when either is driving a vehicle.

b. Indoors. The exchange of salutes is not ordinarily required, except that in making or receiving official reports salutes will be rendered as prescribed for out of doors.

24. Between officers and enlisted men.-a. Out of doors.—(1) Salutes will be exchanged between officers and enlisted men upon meeting, passing near, or being addressed, within a military post, camp, or station except when either the officer or enlisted man is

(a) Actively participating in a game.

(b) At mess.

(c) In a public conveyance.

(d) At an assembly for purposes of social diversion or amusement.

(e) Leading an animal or standing "to horse."

(f) The driver of a vehicle in motion, or of an animal-drawn vehicle not in motion, if both hands are required to control the animals attached thereto.

(2) Except as prescribed in training regulations

(a) An enlisted man in a military formation will not salute unless he is in command thereof.

(b) An officer in a military formation will not be saluted unless he is in command thereof.

(3) Individual enlisted men, armed or unarmed, when in a vehicle, will use the hand salute.

(4) An enlisted man, if seated, except when in a vehicle, will rise upon the approach of an officer, face toward him, stand at "attention," and salute. If the officer remains in the immediate vicinity the salute need not be repeated. Soldiers actually at work will not cease work to salute an officer unless addressed by him.

b. Indoors.

(1) Salutes are not ordinarily exchanged between officers and enlisted men except when addressing each other. An enlisted

man posted as a sentinel will render the salute as prescribed in paragraph 302-i.

(2) When an officer enters a room or tent, except as indicated in (3) and (4) below, in which there is an enlisted man the latter will stand at "attention" and uncover, if not under arms, until the officer indicates otherwise, or leaves the room. When there are two or more enlisted men in the room or tent the first one who observes the entrance of the officer will command "attention" when all will rise, uncover, if not under arms, and remain standing at "attention" until the officer directs otherwise, or leaves the room.

(3) When an officer enters a room or tent used as an office or workshop those at work therein are not required to cease work unless addressed by him. In the transaction of ordinary business between an officer and an enlisted man, seated at work, it is not necessary that the latter rise.

(4) When an officer enters a mess hall or tent enlisted men seated at meals will refrain from eating and remain seated at "attention" until the officer directs otherwise, or leaves the

room.

c. When outside a military post, camp, or station, salutes are not required to be exchanged between officers and enlisted men except when addressing each other.

d. When an enlisted man enters a room where an officer is present he will uncover, if not under arms.

e. Before addressing an officer, an enlisted man will make the prescribed salute. He will also salute upon the termination of an interview with, or upon leaving, an officer.

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f. An enlisted man in ranks, if not at "attention," will assume the position of attention when directly addressed by an officer.

25. Manner of saluting.-All persons in the military service not in formation salute in the following manner:

a. With arms in hand, the salute prescribed for that arm. b. With no arms in hand, the hand salute. (See par. 246.) c. Troops under arms will salute as prescribed in training regulations.

d. When several officers in company are saluted, all will return it.

e. Except in the field under campaign or simulated campaign conditions, a mounted officer or soldier will dismount before addressing a superior officer not mounted.

f. At formations a command does not change position in order to face toward the music when saluting the national an39854-27-2

them, but remains in position, all members of the command facing toward their original front.

At assemblies in theaters, assembly halls, stadiums, etc., where in order to face toward the music, in saluting the national anthem, it is necessary for individuals to face about or to a flank, officers and enlisted men will face toward their original front.

g. Officers and enlisted men when not in uniform render the salute to the national anthem or to a color (standard) by standing at "attention" uncovered, holding the headdress, if any, over the left breast; when in uniform, indoors and uncovered, they salute the national anthem by standing at 66 attention."

h. On nonmilitary occasions when civilians participate in a manner determined by some established custom or observe the occasion in some particular way, a military person present, in uniform, should conform to the custom of civilians present.

26. Saluting distance.—Saluting distance is that within which recognition of insignia of rank is easy. In general, it does not exceed 30 paces.

27. Between organizations and detachments.-Organization or detachment commanders will salute officers of higher grades by first bringing the organization or detachment to "attention " and then saluting.

28. At parades and ceremonies.-At parades and other ceremonies, under arms, the command will render the salute prescribed and will remain in the position of salute while the national anthem or "To the color" (standard) is being played. If not under arms, the organization will be brought to "attention" at the first note of the national anthem, or "To the color (standard), and the salute prescribed rendered by the officer or noncommissioned officer in command.

29. To officers of the Navy, Marine Corps, National Guard, or Organized Reserves.-All persons in the military service at all times and in all situations will pay the same compliments to officers of the Navy and the Marine Corps, and to officers of the National Guard and Organized Reserves, in uniform, as to. officers of the Regular Army.

30. With cannon.-a. Salutes with cannon will be fired under charge of commissioned officers, who will be present and direct the firing in accordance with Technical Regulation No. 1360-A. b. When troops are drawn up for the reception of a dignitary, and it is practicable to have a battery of field guns or other mobile artillery detachment on the ground, a salute from it