Translations of the Bible made from Latin and Greek into the languages of modern Europe; of these the most famous are King James' Version (see p. 408) and Luther's German translation. - Chapman's translation of Homer into English. The whole age is famous for its translations, from both classical and modern tongues, as well as from the Arabic. b. Works of Art (Painting and Sculpture). The frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican palace, painted for Pope Julius II.; subjects, scriptural; the tomb of the Medici, made for the Medici family in Florence, adorned with portrait-statues studied from the life, and with allegorical figures; the statue of David, executed for the city of Florence; that of Moses, made for Pope Julius II. All these were the work of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, a man of noble birth, trained by one of the best artists of the time, and a thorough student of the remains of Greek art and of the living human anatomy.— Frescoes painted for Pope Julius II., in various rooms and passages of the Vatican; subjects, scriptural, their style largely influenced by the study of Greek and Roman art; pictures of the Virgin Mary, at various notable periods of her life, and pictures of the Holy Family, executed, for the most part, for churches; figures in these pictures studied from real life; frescoes for various palaces in Rome, executed from the study of living models, on various mythological and allegorical subjects; portraits of wealthy ecclesiastics and nobles; this work was all done by Raphael, born of a family of artists, and trained by the best artistic masters.-The frescopainting of "The Last Supper," painted for a Milanese convent by Leonardo da Vinci, a man of noble birth and artistic training; this same artist also painted many por traits. The scriptural, allegorical, and historical paintings of Rubens, a German artist, trained in Italy, and employed to decorate churches and palaces in the Netherlands and in France. The portraits, studies from everyday life, and historical and scriptural paintings of Rem A Yorkshire lord's country-house of the seventeenth century. brandt, a miller's son, trained by artists in Holland. The paintings and engravings of Albert Dürer, the son of a German goldsmith, educated to his art by working with painters, and by travel in Italy and Germany. His subjects are largely scriptural and allegorical, but their - details are studied from actual contemporary life. The portrait-pictures of the younger Holbein, and of Vandyck. Vandyck was court-painter of Charles I., and acquired his art by Italian study and travel and by the training of Rubens; Henry VIII. was the patron of Holbein, who studied with his father, a German painter, and travelled; his "Dance of Death," one of the most popular works of the time, was a series of pictures designed to show the equality of all men and the vanity of human pride. Aside from these greatest works, this age produced numberless pictures of a high order of merit, ordered by kings, popes, cardinals, princes, and wealthy merchants, for the adornment of palaces and churches. e. Buildings, Establishments, and Foundations. The Escorial (see p. 416).- The Louvre, a royal palace built by Francis I., who erected other great palaces in various places, notably that of Fontainebleau, to which was attached a great royal forest, miles in extent, kept to give the king and his court the pleasures of the hunt. The Tuileries, built in Paris by the queen-mother, Catherine de Medici, and continued by Henry IV.-Whitehall Palace, built in London for the Stuarts. Many of the famous palaces of Genoa, Venice, Florence, Rome, date back to this period; they were built by wealthy or noble families, often by merchants, and were adorned with fine marbles and alabasters, enriched with carving and inlaid work, and often contain masterpieces of painting. Many of the fine English country-houses also belong to this time (see Fountains Hall for typical example). St. Peter's at Rome (see p. 417). — Cathedrals in Segovia, Salamanca, Saragossa. New colleges added to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; schools for elementary instruction, uncon nected with the Church, established in Florence (Savonarola), Germany (Luther), England (Colet), Scotland (Knox), Geneva (Calvin). Manufactures of fine pottery established and aided by This building was erected near Madrid by Philip II. in consequence of a vow made in battle. It is at once a palace, a mausoleum, a monastery, and a church. It contains a library of 130,000 volumes, and thousands of Arabic Mss. the wealth of kings and nobles, in Italy, France, Germany, and Holland. - Tapestry manufactures established in France by Francis I. and Henry IV. The latter im |