its front of Parian marble. Accordingly, these men... prevailed on the oracle, . . . when any Spartans came to consult at Delphi, . . . to propose to them to free Athens from the Tyranny. The Lacedæmonians, since the same warning was always given them, sent . . . an army to expel the Pisistratids, . . . though they were united to them by ties of friendship; for they considered their duty to the god greater than their duty to men. Thus the Athenians were delivered," and Hippias, the son of Pisistratus, becoming an exile, fled to the court of Darius, the king of Persia. STUDY ON c. What fact given on the map shows that Athens was the centre of Attica? Name all the means which Pisistratus possessed or employed for gaining power. Which of these means had he a perfect right to employ? Which were wrong? What right and what wrong means did he choose? How did the constitution of Solon help him? What relation between his tyranny and the spirit of that constitution? What elements of strength existed in the party of the mountaineers? Why should the mountain-men all go together, and the men of the plain do the same? Why will a party of poor men be more ready for revolution and change than one of rich men? What faults on the part of the Athenians allowed Pisistratus (a) to establish and (b) to maintain his tyranny? What really sustained the power of Pisistratus? What nominally, and according to the constitution, sustained it? What suspicious circumstance appears in this story concerning Delphi? What additional confirmation of the strength of Sparta? What resemblances between this tyranny and those before noted? Of what use was this tyranny to Athens? d. The Legislation of Clisthenes. About 500 B.C. The Pisistratids having been expelled, Clisthenes, one of the Alcmæonid family, became the foremost man in Athens, and proposed a new constitution, which was accepted by the people, and consented to by the Delphic oracle. The Athenian state had hitherto consisted simply of those who had been born into the four Ionic tribes; now it was to consist of all the free-born native inhabitants of Attica, divided into ten new tribes according to their places of residence. Each tribe took its name from some native hero, in whose honor it built a chapel, where the new tribesmen worshipped and held their sacred feasts in common. Each tribe was composed of demes, or parishes; the demes of the same tribe, however, were not all together, though all the men of the same parish were in the same tribe. The accompanying diagram will explain: let the large square represent Attica, and the small squares the demes; demes "a," we will say, belong to the first tribe, demes "b" to the second, "e" to the third, etc. Each α b с a b с a с a a с b с b a b с b с deme managed its own local affairs; for those of Attica, all the demes met by tribes in Athens, where they formed the general Assembly, or Ecclesia. The following table shows the new constitution. 1 Clisthenes introduced the "ostracism." If any man seemed to be gaining great power among the people, the Senate announced that the Ecclesia would shortly be called to pass a vote of exile against some citizen, no name being announced. Should 6000 votes be cast against the same man, he must go into exile for ten years. A smaller number passed for nothing. On the day when the Ecclesia met, from the early morning "the priests walked around the Pnyx [the meetingplace of the Ecclesia] immolating victims and calling down the protection of the gods. . . . An altar stood near the speaker's stand. When all were seated, a priest proclaimed: Keep silence, religious silence; pray the gods and goddesses that all may pass most prosperously in the Assembly.' Then the people... replied: We invoke the gods, that they may protect the city."" 6 6 The public income was paid over to "ten treasurers of the goddess Athena," one chosen from each tribe; and the treasury was the inner chamber of the Parthenon, the temple on the Acropolis. STUDY ON d. What is the unit in the constitution of Clisthenes? What places a man in this new unit? What interests and duties have these new tribesmen in common? in other words, what bonds of union in this new unit? Compare the distribution of political power under Kleisthenes and under former Athenian constitutions. Compare with the Spartan constitution in this respect. What element appears in Athenian warfare not seen in Spartan? Compare the three Athenian constitutions in regard to equality; justice; democracy; the worth of the individual man; size of state entering into each. Illustrate each answer by facts. What Athenian experience may have suggested the ostracism? The separation of the demes of the same tribe? name will you give to this constitution of Kleisthenes? What one thing appears as a bond of union in all the constitutions? What political term derived from deme? What C. STUDY ON PERSIAN WARS, 490-479 B.C. I. First Persian War: Darius against the Greeks, 490 B.C. III. Second Persian War: Xerxes against the Greeks, 480–479 b.c. Chief contemporary authority: Herodotus. Other chief original authority: Plutarch's Lives of Themistocles and Aristides. Chief modern authorities: Grote, Curtius. Note on the Map. Each of the divisions of the Persian Empire was called a satrapy, and was ruled by a satrap who was appointed by the king and who could manage the satrapy as he pleased, if he only kept the peace and sent the king the soldiers and the tribute money due. In the time of Clisthenes, Darius was king of the Persian Empire and received from it more than $20,000,000 of tribute every year. STUDY ON MAP AND NOTE. Compare the Persian Empire with Greece and the Greek colonies in regard to amount and distribution of territory. What does the distribution of territory indicate in regard to the leading occupation in each case? Compare the population of the Greek and Persian territories in regard to civilization. What unity did the Persian possessions lack which the Greek possessed? What unity did they possess that the Greek lacked? To whom was the Persian Empire valuable? For what? What was the special value of Phoenicia? Of Egypt? Of the Tigro-Euphrates valley? To whom were the Greek territories valuable? In case of war, who would be most interested in it on the Persian side? On the Greek side? I. Account of the First Persian War. (Abridged from Herodotus.) During the reign of Darius, "some of the opulent men [aristocrats] were exiled from Naxos by the people [democrats], and . . . went to Miletus," asking aid; but the Tyrant of Miletus advised them to ask it of Persia. When the request came to the ears of Darius, and he heard that Naxos was "beautiful and fertile ... and in it was much wealth and many slaves," he decided to give the exiles aid. But this expedition sent against the Naxian democrats was unsuccessful, and the Tyrant of Miletus, who had promised King Darius rich returns from it, feared that now he would lose his power, if not his life. So "he established an equality in Miletus, in order that the Milesians might more readily join him in revolt.” In other Ionian cities, also, he expelled the Tyrants, and established democracies. Sailing then for Sparta, he asked for their alliance, using words like these: "That the children of Ionians should be slaves instead of free is a great disgrace and sorrow." But the Spartans turning a deaf ear, he sailed to Athens, making the same request. Now the Athenians had already declared the Persians their enemies, because the Persian ruler at Sardis had ordered them to take Hippias again as Tyrant. When the Milesian (Aristagoras), therefore, asked for help against the Persian, the Athenians voted, in public assembly, twenty ships for the aid of the Ionians. Thus Darius became hostile to the Athenians, and, having put down the Ionian revolt, resolved to conquer them. But first he sent heralds to the various Grecian cities to demand earth and water as tokens of submission by land and sea; and the |