1. Distinctive features of Hokko-gun. Hokko-gun had a population in 1935 of 107,251, of whom 1,532 were Japanese; and a population in 1940 of 117,988, of whom 1,603 were Japanese. Hokko is the seat of the gun administration and the dominating center of the gun with a population in 1935 of 15,269. The next largest town is Karon with a population of 4,178.

The gun is on the coast, but has no harbors and very little fishing. Fish-cultivation is much more important than fishing. Belts of trees have been planted in places along the coast to protect the crops from the wind and to reduce the blowing of sand by the wind.

The Kanan Irrigation System extends into the gun, but irrigation facilities remain inadequate.

2. The gai and sho. a. Hokko-gai.

Population, 1935: 27,942, of whom 1,103 were Japanese. Administrative seat: Hokko.

Post office: at Hokko.

Police stations: at Koshu.

Schools: the Hokko Girls Practical School, the Hokko Higher and Primary School and a primary school for Formosan-Chinese. A primary school for FormosanChinese is at Koshu and another is elsewhere in the gai. Doctors, 1939: 11 Formosan-Chinese doctors and 3 Japanese doctors.

Transportation: Hokko is on a Japan Sugar Co. railroad which starts at Seira, runs southwest to Hokku, and then turns southeast to Kagi. A private railroad or pushcar line runs from Hokku west to Koko.

The provincial north-south highway from Tainan to Seira runs through Hokku, as does an important east-west highway which starts from the government north-south highway on the east and goes west to the coast.

Business firms: Washun Gomoi Kaisha (Washun Co.); real estate and agricultural products; founded in Hokku in 1933; capital ¥190,000.

Satsuyokaku Gomoi Kaisha (Satsuyokaku Co.); agricultural management; founded in 1938; capital ¥160,000. The Japan Sugar Co. has a mill with a cane crushing capacity of 2,000 long tons per day. In 1935 the mill employed 461 workers.

Taiwan Soifun K. K. (Taiwan Milling Co.): founded in 1918; capital ¥300,000.

Taiyu Shoten (Taiyu Stores): rice, fertilizer, cement, grains; founded 1938 at Hokko; capital ¥130,000.

Police stations: at Kancho, Kyakushisoki and Kayoryo. Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Kancho, Nairyo and Rokuryo.

Doctors, 1939: three Formosan-Chinese doctors at Kancho, and one at Rokuryo.

Transportation: the Japan Sugar Co. railroad line from Hokko northeast to Seira has three stations within the sho. The provincial highway paralleling the railroad traverses the sho.

Sho area: 6.2 miles from east to west; 6.2 miles from north to south; total area, 24 square miles.

Sho budget (1936): ¥52,630.

Production: production has increased since the construction of the Kanan Irrigation System. Total agricultural production about 1936 was valued at ¥1,300,000. Livestock and poultry were valued at ¥70,000, with some livestock and poultry being shipped outside the sho. Dai Nippon Soito K. K. (Japan Sugar Co.) makes advances to farmers.

Credit association: Kancho-sho Shinyo Hambai Kobai Riyo Kumiai (Kancho-sho Credit Consumers Retailers Utilization Cooperative).

c. Koko-sho.

Population, 1935: 18,605, of whom 81 were Japanese. Administrative seat: Shinko.

Post office at Kakoko.

Police stations: at Gigo, Shinko, Karon and Koko. Schools: a primary school for Formosan-Chinese at Koko, and another elsewhere in the sho.

Doctors, 1939: two Formosan-Chinese doctors at Gigo, and one at Shinko.

Transportation: a main east-west highway which runs from the coast east to the government north-south highway traverses the sho. A pushcar line or private railroad runs from Koko east to Hokko, paralleling the pushcar line.

Sho area; the sho is 3.7 miles east-west, 6.2 miles northsouth, with an area of 31 square miles.

Sho budget, 1936: ¥27,344.

Production in 1936, rice was valued at ¥50,000, fish culture at ¥120,000 to ¥130,000, and coastal fishing at ¥15,000. Thirteen thousand tons of sweet potatoes were produced.

Credit association: Koko Credit Consumers Retailers Utilization Cooperative (Koko Shinyo Kobai Hambai Riyo Kumiai); capital: Y35,260.

Special features: There are no harbors along the shallow coast, but a breakwater has been constructed which probably serves to prevent inundation by the sea. d. Shiko-sho.

Population, 1935: 18,120, of whom 126 were Japanese. Administrative seat: Hisha is reported to be the administrative center, but its population of 1,884 was smaller than that of Shiko, which was 2,461.

Post office: at Kakoko in Koko-sho.
Police stations: at Sanjoron and Shiko.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Hisha and at Shiko.

Doctors, 1939: a Formosan-Chinese doctor at Hisha. Transportation: sugar company line (railroad or pushcar) from Koko east to Hokko crosses extreme southern tip of the sho. A number of poor roads are in the sho. Sho area: about 31 square miles.

Special features: the Santengu Shrine has many worshippers.

Sanjoron has a coastal swimming beach.

e. Suirin-sho.

Population, 1935: 23,435, of whom 182 were Japanase. Administrative seat: Suirin.

Post office: at Hokko in Hokko-gai and at Kakoko in Koko-sho.

Police stations: at Chochosho, Dokenseki, Gyutowan, and Suirin.

Schools: a primary school for Formosan-Chinese at Suirin, and two others elsewhere in the sho.

Doctors, 1939: two Formosan-Chinese doctors at Suirin, one at Banko, one at Chochosho.

Transportation: a sugar company line (railroad or pushcar) from Koko east to Hokko traverses the sho. Suirin is on a main east-west road which runs from the coast east to the government north-south highway.

Production in 1936 agricultural products were valued at ¥1,750,000. Many pigs were shipped outside the sho. Small-scale establishments produced noodles, soya sauce, brick, iron-products, bamboo articles, wooden articles, and hulled and polished rice.

Credit association: one is reported, but the name is not known.

1. Distinctive features of Hokumon-gun. Hokumon-gun declined in population from 130,252 in 1935 to 128,238 in 1940, while the Japanese population increased from 1,063 to 1,194. Kari, with a population of 7,947, is the seat of the gun administration and the commercial center. Gakko is the largest town, with a population of 11,821 in 1935.

The gun is on the coast, but there are no harbors suitable for other than bamboo rafts and lighters. No ship anchorage is known, sand bars forming nearly a solid barrier along the coast a mile and more offshore.

The coast is low, damp, and salty and is used for fish cultivation, which exceeds fishing in value. A great deal of salt is produced along the shore, Kokumon being a salt center of Taiwan.

Belts of trees have been planted near the coast to reduce crop damage by the wind and to reduce the blowing of sand. Canals of the Kanan Irrigation System have been extended to the gun, but irrigation still is inadequate.

Malaria and trachoma are reported to be wide-spread. Special preventative measures have been taken by the government to reduce the incidence of these diseases. 2. The gai and sho. a. Gakko-sho,

Population 1935: 25,149, of whom 74 were Japanese.
Administrative seat: Gakko.

Post office: at Hokumon in Hokumon-sho:
Police stations: none are known.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Chushu, Gakko, Takushiko, and at one other place in the sho.

Doctors, 1939: four Formosan-Chinese doctors at Gakko, and one at Chushu.

Transportation: a sugar company railroad runs from Tainan City north through Gakko, terminating just south of Chushu, from whence a pushear line is reported to continue north through Chushu. Kakko is on the provincial highway paralleling the railroad, and on a secondary road which runs northwest to Shinei.

Sho budget, 1934: ¥35,850.

Sho production: in 1936 the value of rice, sugar cane and sweet potatoes was ¥900,000. Credit cooperatives:

Gakko Credit Consumers Retailers Cooperative (Gakko shinyo Hambai Kobai Kumiai), with a capital of ¥39,930.

Chushu Credit Consumers Retailers Cooperative (Chushu Shinyo Hambai Kobai Kumiai), with a capital of ¥27,600.

Special features: The town of Gakko is the largest town in Hokumon-gun, with a population in 1935 of 11,821, but for some unknown reason does not seem to be important.

b. Hokumon-sho.

Population 1935: 17,701, of whom 170 were Japanese. Administrative seat: Hokumon.

Post office at Hokumon.

Police station: at Hokumon.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Karyo and Keiteiryo. A primary school for Japanese is at Hokumon.

Doctors, 1939: a Formosan-Chinese and a Japanese doctor at Hokumon.

Transportation: a Meiji Sugar Co. railroad line runs from Tainan City north to Nijuko, just south of Chushu, from whence a pushcar line continues to Hokumon. The provincial highway comes into Hokumon from Ensui on the east and then runs south to Tainan City. Busses operate on these roads.

The port: Karyo, 1.3 miles north of Hokumon at the mouth of the Kyusui River, is a small harbor for Chinese junks. Even such craft cannot use the harbor during rough weather.

Sho production: Hokumon is a salt-manufacturing center where extensive new developments have been reported. Agriculture is poor, as irrigation is inadequate and there are but a few paddy fields. Fish culture is widespread, and hat-making is à home industry.

Government agencies: at Hokumon is a branch office of the Monopoly Bureau and a customs inspectorate station. On the Hokumon police station is a 50-foot warning light for ships.

c. Kari-sho.

Population 1935: 26,355, of whom 621 were Japanese. Administrative seat: Kari, which is also the gun center. Post office: at Kari.

Police stations: at Karikyo.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Banshiryo, Karikyo, Onshinai and Kari, where there also is a primary and higher primary school for Japanese and the Hokumon Agricultural Public School.

Doctors, 1939: a Formosan-Chinese doctor at Onshinai; eight at Karikyo, where there also was a Japanese doctor. Transportation: Kari is on the sugar company railroad running north from Tainan City, on the provincial highway which parallels the railroad, and on the road running west from Mato.

Government agencies: a branch court and the Hokumon-gun Branch of the Kanan Irrigation System are at Kari.

Sho area: 151⁄2 square miles.

Business firms:

The Meiji Sugar Co. has a mill in the gai with a cane crushing capacity of 750 long tons.

The Nan A Milling Co. was founded at Kari in 1937 with a capitalization of ¥200,000.

The Kari Ice Manufacturing Co. produces ice for the refrigeration of fish.

The Kari Fishing Credit Consumers Retailers Utilization Cooperative (Kari Gyogyo Shinyo Hambai Kobai Kumiai).

Special features: Hokumon-gai is the most developed and prosperous area in the gun, with an annual production, 1936, of ¥1,270,000.

No information is at hand on the Hokumon shrine at Kari.

d. Saiko-sho (Seiko-sho).

Population 1935: 13,950, of whom 50 were Japanese. Administrative seat: Saiko, which had a population of 1,856 while Koei had a population of 3,233 in 1935. Post office at Kari in Kari-gai to the northwest. Police stations: none are known.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Koei and Saiko.

Doctors, 1939: three Formosan-Chinese doctors at Saiko.

Transportation: Saiko is on the sugar company railroad running north from Tainan City, on the highway paralleling the railroad, and on a secondary road running southwest from Mato-gai to the coast.

e. Shichiko-sho.

Population 1935: 24,419, of whom 104 were Japanese.
Administrative seat: Shichiko.

Post office at Kari in Kari-gai to the north.
Police stations: none are known.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Koko, Shichijunbun, and Shichiko.

Doctors, 1939: two Formosan-Chinese doctors, one at Jushikyaku, the other probably at Shichiko.

The port: the sho is on the coast just north of the mouth of the Sobun River, which can be used by lighters and bamboo rafts.

Transportation: the sugar company railroad and the provincial highway from Tainan City are at the eastern border of the sho. Within the sho the roads are poor.

Sho production: the Kanan Irrigation System has increased rice production. Sweet potatoes are exported from the area. Sugarcane is grown. In 1936 fish culture was valued at ¥64,000; salt-water fish products, ¥240,000; and other fishing products at ¥25,000. The first figure may refer to fresh-water fish cultivation, the second to saltwater fish cultivation, and the third to coastal fishing, but this is not clear. The making of hats is a home industry. Special features: The sho is the largest in Hokumongun, with an area of 64 square miles.

Malaria, once prevalent, has decreased. Trachoma is widespread, and the government has taken measures to correct this situation.

f. Shogun-sho.

Population 1935: 22,678, of whom 44 were Janaese. Administrative seat: Shogun, which had a population of 2,512, while Kuo had 6,962 and Sanshikyaku had 5,095. Post office: at Kari and Kari-gai, to the south. Police stations: none are known.

Schools: primary schools for Formosan-Chinese at Shogun, Reishiryo, and at one other place in the sho. Doctors, 1939: two Formosan-Chinese doctors, one at

Kuo.

Transportation: A few poor roads, and transportation is bad due to the backwardness of the area.

The harbor: Shogun-sho is on the coast, Sanshikyaku being on the wide mouth of the very short Shogun River, which can be used by bamboo rafts (teppai). Offshore, about a mile, is a long sandbar parallel to the coast. Sho production: sweet potato is the chief crop, being valued at ¥200,000 in 1936. It is exported to Japan for the manufacture of alcohol. Sugar cane is second, followed by peanuts and rice. Pigs are shipped from the sho. Fresh and salt-water fish-cultivation, including oysters, lobsters and mullet, was valued at ¥200,000, while coastal fishing had an annual value of ¥50,000 to ¥60,000. The manufacture of hats is a prosperous home industry. Kuo has a food market and Shogun, a fish market. Sho budget, 1937: ¥60,000.

Credit cooperatives:

Shogun Credit Cooperative (Shogun Shinyo Kumiai) has contributed greatly to the economy of the

area.

The Shogun fish market is operated by the Kari
Fishermens Credit Consumers Retailers Utilization
Cooperative.

Special features: An afforestation program has been carried out along the coast to protect crops from the wind and to lessen the blowing of sand.

The sho seems to be one of the areas in Taiwan where the government has instituted special programs to combat malaria, for it is stated that malaria has recently decreased due to preventive measures taken. More than 50 percent of the population are said to have trachoma.

Flood prevention measures and Kanan Irrigation System have bettered conditions recently.