planetary missions. NASA's operations in South Africa support the U.S. program for the peaceful exploration of space, which consists of a broad spectrum of space activities, both manned and unmanned. Mr. Hilburn said that every space mission in order to be successful levies certain specialized demands for ground support, including (1) tracking, (2) data (telemetry) acquisition, and (3) command and control. All three functions are carried out by the South African stations, which are well positioned to support missions launched either from Florida or California. Mr. Hilburn described the history and current status of administrative arrangements covering the NASA installations in South Africa. All of these facilities are operated and managed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of the Republic of South Africa. He pointed out that the Surveyor series of unmanned lunar soft-landing spacecraft was a necessary precursor to our manned lunar mission scheduled for the end of this decade. In conclusion, Mr. Hilburn stressed the importance of our meeting this target in moving toward our goal of preeminence in space.

Mr. HILBURN. That concludes my statement, Mr. Chairman.

We are ready now to try to answer any questions that you may have.

Mr. O'HARA. [Security deletion.]

Mr. HILBURN. [Security deletion.]

Mr. O'HARA. Has the space agency ever faced the issue of attempting to place Negroes or other nonwhite personnel in any of the facilities which operate on South African soil?

Mr. HILBURN. We have not had any occasion to, Mr. Chairman. Mr. O'HARA. And all of the Africans employed, and from your statement, we spend about $12 million a year, do we?

Mr. HILBURN. A little more than that.

Mr. O'HARA. All of the Africans employed are white?

Mr. HILBURN. No, sir; I do not believe that that is correct. I think that both are employed at the stations. However, I understand that there are separate facilities provided for them at the stations. Mr. O'HARA. How about the wages paid?

Mr. HILBURN. I couldn't answer that. Colonel Pozinsky, do you know?

STATEMENT OF NORMAN POZINSKY, DIRECTOR OF NETWORK SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION, OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION, NASA

Mr. POZINSKY. No; I cannot answer.

Mr. O'HARA. Would you be able to furnish that information?
Mr. HILBURN. Yes.

Mr. O'HARA. The number of nonwhites that are employed, their living conditions, and their pay as compared with that paid to white employees.

Mrs. BOLTON. Doing the same work.

Mr. O'HARA. Doing the same work.

Mr. HILBURN. You will recognize, Mr. Chairman, it may take us a while to get the answer to this, since these people are not under our direct control. We may have to check with the South African Government in order to get the answer to this question.

Mr. O'HARA. I think you will have plenty of time.

Mr. HILBURN. All right, sir.

(The information supplied is as follows:)

The custodial and groundskeeping services required in support of station operation are performed by local unskilled nonwhite laborers. CSIR provides.

approximately 45 laborers to carry out these services; the number actually employed at any one time varies with the requirements of the station.

There are no white employees engaged in similar functions; conversely, there are no nonwhites among the professional engineers and technicians that comprise the technical complement of the station. Technical staff salaries range from approximately $2,000 to $7,000 per year, and are estimated to average $4,000 per year. No quarters are provided for this technical staff. Salaries for the nonwhite laborers are estimated to average approximately $1,000 per year, plus living accommodations provided in the vicinity of the station for these personnel.

Mr. O'HARA. I can tell you not confidentially, we don't expect these hearings to close shortly, the reason being that our full committee starts hearings next week, so we will have to work the meetings of this subcommittee in at odd times.

So I think you will have several weeks anyway.

Mr. HILBURN. All right, sir. We will get it for you as promptly

as we can.

Mr. O'HARA. Would you introduce your staff members here?

Mr. HILBURN. Yes. On my immediate right is Mr. Norman Pozinsky, who is Director of Network Support Implementation in our Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, and behind me is Mr. Jack Brown, of our legislative affairs staff.

Mrs. BOLTON. I just have one kindergarten question. What is the Surveyor project?

Mr. HILBURN. The Surveyor is our name for the spacecraft which will make an unmanned soft landing on the surface of the moon and will be able not only to transmit back television pictures of the surface of the moon as the recent Russian flight has done, but will also transmit scientific information on the bearing strength of the surface of the moon. This is extremely important before we attempt to make a manned landing and land our astronauts there with the larger Lunar Excursion Module which is part of the Apollo program.

Mrs. BOLTON. Are they going to any other planet?

Mr. HILBURN. The Surveyor is solely for the purpose of getting information from the lunar surface.

Mrs. BOLTON. Do we have any plans to go to any of the other planets?

Mr. HILBURN. We have no plans in the approved NASA program at the present time to attempt to make a soft landing on any other body.

Mrs. BOLTON. I take it you are planning to get very close to those planets, aren't you?

Mr. HILBURN. Yes, indeed we are. We have another flight going to Venus in 1967 and we will be making another Mars fly-by in 1969. We hope to make our first unmanned landing with a capsule on the surface of Mars in 1973.

However, that is dependent on the course of our budget in future congressional hearings.

Mrs. BOLTON. Isn't it splendid to have so many men with dream capacities and then to make the dream come true?

Mr. HILBURN. It is a very stimulating program, and I am very proud to be a part of it.

Mrs. BOLTON. It must be wonderful. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Diggs?

Mr. DIGGS. Did I understand you to admit that the facilities that are used by black Africans at the NASA stations are segregated?

Mr. HILBURN. I don't know whether the facilities are segregated. It is my understanding there is separation of the personnel there. I think this is typical of the South African

Mr. DIGGS. Do you know how they are segregated or what special conditions are imposed on them?

Mr. HILBURN. I don't personally know,

sir.

Mr. DIGGS. What reason do we have for permitting segregated patterns of that nature?

Mr. HILBURN. Well, this is a station operated by the South African Government and it is operated by them in accordance with their own procedures and regulations.

We don't attempt to impose our restrictions or regulations on them. Mr. DIGGS. Well, it is operated by them but it is our station, is that not true?

Mr. HILBURN. Well, I would say that it is a station in which there is a joint interest on the part of both Governments.

As I indicated, the Government of South Africa furnished not only the land for the immediate site, but some 4,000 acres of additional land to protect it from interference. They provided roads and utilities for us and, so, it is not our site in the sense that we would consider a station that we have in the United States or in a U.S. possession, where the U.S. Government owned the land and was responsible for all of the capital investment and had full and complete control of the operation of the station.

Mr. DIGGS. Could you tell us what stations does the Soviet Union have in that part of the world?

Mr. HILBURN. I don't believe that we have a great deal of information relative to the Soviet Union's stations. One thing that I am sure you will realize is that when you look at the globe, the Soviet Union stretches about a third of the way around it, so that they have within their own land mass the opportunities for establishing stations similar to the ones that we need on foreign soil. They also appear to make some use of tracking ships and instrumentation ships operating in the open seas.

Mr. DIGGS. [Security deletion.]

Mr. HILBURN. If you talk about using ships for our big antennas that we have in the deep space net, we are not at all convinced at the present time that it is technically feasible or practical to mount dishes of that size on shipboard. We are not aware that anyone has done it yet. [Security deletion.]

Mr. DIGGS. If the United States insisted that the black Africans who work at these stations be treated the same as they would be if the station was, for example, located here in the United States, what do you think would happen?

Mr. HILBURN. I don't really believe I am in a position to make a judgment on that, Congressman.

Mr. DIGGS. Do you think that they would

Mr. HILBURN. I would guess, offhand, that the Government would object under the terms of the established agreement because we do not have that prerogative under the agreement as it was entered into by the two Governments.

Mr. DIGGS. What is the date of the agreement?

Mr. HILBURN. Mr. Pozinsky, do you have the date of the agreement handy?

Mr. POZINSKY. September 1960.

Mr. HILBURN. September 1960.

Mr. DIGGS. And for what period of time does it cover?

Mr. HILBURN. It runs for 15 years.

Mr. DIGGS. Fifteen years. Well, does it say specifically in there that they have complete control over the employment policies or conditions of employment of the people that are working there?

Mr. HILBURN. I have here a copy of the agreement, Mr. Diggs; I will be glad to look at it and see what specifically it does say in that connection.

Mr. O'HARA. If there are no objections, would you like, Congressman, the entire agreement to be put in the record?

Mr. DIGGS. If it is not too cumbersome.

Mr. HILBURN. No, sir; this is a matter of public record and it has appeared in other congressional reports. We would be very glad to furnish the copy of the agreement for inclusion in your report. Mr. DIGGS. I so move, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. O'HARA. There being no objection, it is so ordered. (The material above referred to is as follows:)

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

TRACKING STATIONS

Agreement effected by exchange of notes
Signed at Pretoria September 13, 1960;
Entered into force September 13, 1960.

The American Ambassador to the South African Secretary for External Affairs SEPTEMBER 13, 1960.

No. 80

SIR: I have the honor to refer to the cooperative program initiated during the International Geophysical Year between our two countries under which certain facilities for space vehicles tracking and communications were jointly established and operated in the Union of South Africa for scientific purposes. In view of the resulting mutual benefits, the Government of the United States of America proposes that this cooperative program be continued and extended. The object of such further and extended cooperation would be to facilitate space operations contributing to the advancement of our mutual scientific knowledge of man's spatial environment and its effects; the application of this knowledge to the direct benefit of man; and the development of space vehicles of advanced capabilities, including manned space vehicles.

It is proposed that the program be carried out in accordance with the following principles and procedures:

1. The program shall be conducted by Cooperating Agencies of each Government. On the part of the Government of the United States, the Cooperating Agency will be the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. On the part of the Government of the Union of South Africa, the Cooperating Agency will be the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

2. a. The nature and location of facilities required in the Union of South Africa for the program are as follows:

(1) Minitrack radio tracking station presently located at Esselen Park (originally established under an arrangement of October 11, 1957, between the United States Naval Research Laboratory and the Government of the Union of South Africa).[']

(2) Baker-Nunn camera optical tracking station presently located at Olifantsfontein (originally established in February 1958 under an arrangement between the United States National Committee for the International Geophysical Year and the South African National Committee).[']

Not printed.

(3) Deep space probe radio tracking station (85 foot diameter antenna) in the vicinity of Johannesburg.

The foregoing list of facilities and locations may be amended from time to time by agreement of our two Governments.

b. The Government of the Union of South Africa will provide sites for each facility at the agreed locations at no cost to the Government of the United States; these sites to remain the property of the Government of the Union of South Africa. 3. The Government of the Union of South Africa will, in so far as practicable, prohibit the operation of radio interference-producing devices (such as power lines, industrial facilities, electric trains, primary highways, etc.) within the vicinity of sensitive radio receiving equipment.

4. In connection with each facility to be operated under the program, the Cooperating Agencies will agree upon arrangements with respect to the duration of use of the facility, the responsibility for and financing of the construction, installation, and equipping of the facility, and other details relating to the establishment and operation of the facility.

5. Each facility established may, unless otherwise agreed, be used for independent scientific activities of the Government of the Union of South Africa, it being understood that such activities would be conducted so as not to conflict with the agreed schedules of operations and that any additional operating costs resulting from such independent activities would be borne by the Government of the Union of South Africa.

6. The Government of the Union of South Africa will, upon request, take the necessary steps to facilitate the admission into the territory of the Union of South Africa of materials, equipment, supplies, goods or other items of property provided by the Government of the United States in connection with activities under this Agreement.

7. a. Title to all the aforementioned property provided by the Government of the United States for use in connection with each facility will remain in the Government of the United States.

b. If, upon terminating its use of a facility, the Government of the United States should desire to dispose of all or part of the property to which it holds title within the territory of the Union of South Africa, the two Governments will consult beforehand on arrangements therefor.

8. Such personal and household effects as shall have been brought into the Union of South Africa free of all taxes and duties by United States personnel, including contractor personnel, assigned to the Union of South Africa under the program, shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of within the territory of the Union of South Africa except under conditions approved by the Government of the Union of South Africa.

With reference to paragraphs 6, 7, and 8, the matter of exemption from duties, taxes and other charges will be the subject of subsequent discussion and agreement between the two Governments as to the specific categories of personnel, goods and materials to which such exemptions will apply, and the degree of exemption, if any, which will be applicable.

9. The Government of the Union of South Africa will, subject to its immigration laws and regulations, take the necessary steps to facilitate the admission into the territory of the Union of South Africa of such United States personnel, including contractor personnel, as may be assigned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to visit or participate in the cooperative activities provided for under this Agreement.

10. The resident directors of the facilities will be officials of the Government of the United States, and they will relay the operational directions of NASA to the South African Station Managers who will be in control of the Stations.

11. This Agreement relates to cooperation between the signatories for the peaceful uses of outer space and the facilities established shall not be used for purposes of a military nature.

12. The program of cooperation set forth in this Agreement shall, subject to the availability of funds, remain in effect for a period of fifteen years, and may be extended as mutually agreed by the two Governments. This Agreement is subject to review and possible termination in the event of either party failing to comply with the provisions of the Agreement, or in the event that either party is involved in hostilities.

If the foregoing principles and procedures are acceptable to the Government of the Union of South Africa, I have the honor to propose that this note and your