We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom MovementNYU Press, 2013年4月22日 - 351 頁 "Ranging from Reconstruction to the Black Power period, this thoroughly and creatively researched book effectively challenges long-held beliefs about the Black Freedom Struggle. It should make it abundantly clear that the violence/nonviolence dichotomy is too simple to capture the thinking of Black Southerners about the forms of effective resistance."—Charles M. Payne, University of Chicago The notion that the civil rights movement in the southern United States was a nonviolent movement remains a dominant theme of civil rights memory and representation in popular culture. Yet in dozens of southern communities, Black people picked up arms to defend their leaders, communities, and lives. In particular, Black people relied on armed self-defense in communities where federal government officials failed to safeguard activists and supporters from the violence of racists and segregationists, who were often supported by local law enforcement. In We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement, Akinyele Omowale Umoja argues that armed resistance was critical to the efficacy of the southern freedom struggle and the dismantling of segregation and Black disenfranchisement. Intimidation and fear were central to the system of oppression in Mississippi and most of the Deep South. To overcome the system of segregation, Black people had to overcome fear to present a significant challenge to White domination. Armed self-defense was a major tool of survival in allowing some Black southern communities to maintain their integrity and existence in the face of White supremacist terror. By 1965, armed resistance, particularly self-defense, was a significant factor in the challenge of the descendants of enslaved Africans to overturning fear and intimidation and developing different political and social relationships between Black and White Mississippians. This riveting historical narrative relies upon oral history, archival material, and scholarly literature to reconstruct the use of armed resistance by Black activists and supporters in Mississippi to challenge racist terrorism, segregation, and fight for human rights and political empowerment from the early 1950s through the late 1970s. Akinyele Omowale Umoja is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of African-American Studies at Georgia State University, where he teaches courses on the history of the Civil Rights, Black Power, and other social movements. |
內容
11 | |
Nonviolent Organizations | 50 |
Freedom Summer | 83 |
Natchez and the Advocacy | 121 |
Black Power Boycotts | 145 |
Armed Insurgency Black | 173 |
The United League Activist | 211 |
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activity African American armed resistance armed self-defense arrested Arthur Shields August available online Belzoni Black community Black Freedom Struggle Black Power Black Power Movement bombing boycott Byhalia campaign Chinn Civil Rights Movement Clarion Ledger COFO CORE Deacons for Defense Delta demonstrations discussion Dittmer federal Freedom Summer Greenwood Gunn guns Hazelwood Hinds County Holly Springs Holmes County Howard Humphreys County Ibid interview Jackson July June King Klan leadership marchers Marshall County McComb MDAH Medgar militant Mississippi Black Moses NAACP NAACP leader Natchez Negro nightriders NMRLS nonviolence Obadele officers Okolona organization paramilitary participated PGRNA police political protection racial rally RCNL residents Robinson Rudolph Arthur Shields Rudy Shields Shields’s shooting SNCC SNCC activists South Sovereignty Commission Steptoe Subject File T. R. M. Howard terror tion Tupelo Turnbow United League voter registration Watkins weapons West Point White power structure White supremacist Yazoo City York