O'DONOVAN, cited 42 note.
Ogday, 158, 162, 166 note.
Oliver, W. E. E., cited 161 note.
'Omar Bi, 208.
Omar, Caliph, assassination of, 38.
'Omar ibn 'Abd ul-'Azîz, 69.
'Omar ibn Hobayra, 70.
'Omar Khan, 212, 213.
Omar Khayyām, 131 note.
'Omar Shaykh, 178.
'Omara ibn Horaym, 73.
Omsk acquired by Russia, 242.
Orenburg, founding of, and importance
for caravans, 242; defective as
basis for expeditions, 245.
Orkhon inscriptions, 29 note.
Oshrusana, 95.
Osman, prince of Samarkand, 147,
156.
Osmanlis, origin of, 124.
'Othman, Caliph, 37.
Oxus (see Amu Daryā).
Oxyartes, father of Roxana, 8.
PALESTINE, conquest by Arabs, 37;
Damascus and Jerusalem
quered by Parviz, 32, 33; Damascus
stormed by Timür, 171.
Pamirs, birthplace of Aryan race, 3;
commission to demarcate English
and Russian influence on, 303-5.
Panchao, 20.
Panjakand, identified with Bishkand,
187 note.
Pāpek, 22.
Paropamisus mountains, boundary of
Bactria, 3.
Parthia, 11-13; Greeks deprived of
Margiana by, 18; encounters with
the Yue-Chi, 19; overthrow of
dynasty by Ardashir, 23; Parthians
identical with Turkomans, 266;
characteristics on early Indian
Saka coins, 16.
Parviz, "the Victorious" (Chosrau
II.), 32.
Pasargada, 5.
Perofski, Count, expedition against
Khiva, 243, 244.
Persepolis, plundered by Alexander, 5.
Persia-Bactria annexed to, 4; con-
quered by Alexander the Great, 4;
condition in third century, 22;
Ardashir, king of, 23; famine in,
25; loss of eyesight a bar to ruling,
27; Arab conquest, 37; acquired
by Turks, 129; overrun by troops
of Timur, 171; war with Bāki
Mohammad, 195; Nadir Shah,
200-3; war with Turkomans, 267,
269-72; Persian literary language
in time of Tahirides, 180; Parthia
(see that title).
Peter the Great, 240-42.
Petra Oxiana, 8.
Petrofsky, M., cited 371 note.
Petrusevitch, cited 270, 271, 272
notes.
Philippus of Elymeus, 10.
Phraates, 12.
Pir Mohammad, 173.
Pir Mohammad, grandson of Tīmür,
the Uzbeg, 191 note.
Pirüz, 25.
Pishagar, destroyed by Nasrullah, 215.
Polotsk, 230.
Poole, Mr. S. Lane, cited 60 note,
passim.
Powers, the Great, Russian circular
to, 249, Appendix I.
Price, Major, cited 161 note, passim.
Pskov, 230.
RABI IBN ZIYAD EL-HĀRITHI, 39.
Rāfi ibn Harthama, appointed
governor of Khorāsān, 105; peace
between Nasr and Isma'il, obtained
by, 107; murder of, 110.
Rafi ibn Layth, 96.
Rahim Bi, 199, 202, 384 note.
Railways (see under Russia).
Rāmtina, conquered by Ubaydullah
ibn Ziyad, 39.
Rapson, cited 16 note.
Ravandis, the, 92.
Raverty, cited 120 note.
Riazan, Russian principality, 234.
Risalachi, public entertainers, 401.
Romanovski, General, General Cher-
naieff superseded by, 251; battle
of Irjai, 252.
Romans, struggle with Mithridates,
13; Kushan Empire recognised by,
19; Shapur 1. at war with, 23;
war with Bahrām Gür, and truce,
24; rupture between Piruz and
Ephthalites attributed to, 26; hos-
tilities with Kobād, 28; war with
Hormuz IV., 31, 32; alliance be-
tween Turks and Persians regarded
with apprehension by, 31; defeated
by Arabs, 37; first Turkish in-
vasion of Rome, 131.
Roxana, 8.
Russia-ethnological
Russians, 225; influence of physical
surroundings, 227; growth of cities,
227; origin of serfs, 228; origin,
customs, and territory of Slavs, 225,
226; growth of princely rule,
228-31; introduction of Christi-
anity and influence of priests upon
government, 229; feudalism intro-
duced from Germany, 231; Mongol
invasion and results, 233-34; Mon-
golian yoke thrown off by Vassili
the Great, 235; growth of Moscow,
234; Cossack invasion of Siberia,
238-39; Khiva, Bekovitch expedi-
tion, 240-42; Perofski expedition,
244; treaty, 245; conquest, 257-59;
Kokand, invasion of, 245; Tash-
kent taken, 247-49; action with
Khan of Bokhārā, 250; annexation,
259-61; Bokhārā, mission to,
217; conquest, 250-57; general
description, 357-85; Samarkand,
annexation, 255; general descrip-
tion, 386-407; Turkomania, con-
quest of, 285-97; battle of Geok
Teppe, 292-97; Merv acquired,
298; administration in Transcaspia,
325-39; Afghanistan, joint com-
mission with England to demarcate
northern boundary, 301; skirmish
with Afghans, 302; result of
deliberations, 303; commission to
demarcate English and Russian
influence on Pamirs, 303-5; con-
dition of roads in Central Asia,
345; methods of dealing with
Orientals compared with English,
410-15; desirability of union with
England, 414-16; Railways, used
by military transport between Cas-
pian and Amu Darya, 289; over-
land route to India, 317-19;
Transcaspian Railway, construction,
307-13; branch lines, 261, 316-17;
importance of and effect on Central
Asian commerce, 313-15; journey
described, 341, 349, 357, 386.
SABUKTAGIN, 113, 117, 118.
Sace (see Scythians, Sakas).
Sadr-i-shariat, influence of, in towns
of Transoxiana, 163.
Saghir Beg, 122.
Sa'id ibn 'Abd ul-'Aziz, 70.
Sa'id ibn 'Amr el-Harashi, 71.
Sa'id ibn 'Othman, 40.
Salih ibn Nasr, 103.
Salm ibn Ziyād, 41.
Salors, the, territory of, 266, 268;
settlement at Zarābād, 270.
Saman, 101.
Sāmānides,
the, 109-18; Trans-
oxiana wrested from, and territory
subsequently owned by, 119.
Samarkand (Marcanda) — besieged
by Spitamenes and relieved, 7-8 ;
stormed by Sa'id ibn 'Othman, 40,
41; taken by Harthama, 98; be-
sieged and taken by Chingiz, 159;
taken by Khan of Jatah, 169;
improvement under Timur, 171;
capital transferred to, 166; throne
seized by Khalil Sultan, 174; plun-
dered by Uzbegs, 176; beautifying
of, 176, 178; fall of Timūr's dynasty
and accession of Mohammad Khăn
Shaybani, 179; captured by Zahir
ud-Din Bāber, 184; sub-dynasty
abolished, 191; surrender to
Russians, 254; citadel defended
against Sarts, 255; incorporated
with Turkestan, 255; railways from
Merv, 310-13; to Tashkent, 316;
height above sea, 388; the Rīgistān,
391; mosques and tombs, 391-95;
Unda, 395; Russian quarter, 396 ;
mineral wealth, 398; trade and
industries, 398-401; professional
storytellers and legends, 401-3;
administration, 404-7; summary of
history, 389; dialect, 180.
Sanjar, Sultan, parentage, 133 note;
governor of Khoräsān, 134; Mah-
mud succeeded by, 135; revolt of
Atsiz, 138-40; defeat of Kara- | Shah Kator, 20.
Khitays, 139; by Turkomans, 266;
irrigation of Merv, work of, 206;
fall and death, 140-42; tomb, 354.
Sarakhs, 269.
Sardar, definition, 274 note.
Sārikhs, the, 268.
Shah Murad (Ma'sūm), 205-8, 384
Shah Rukh, 174-76, 180.
Shahi Beg (Mohammad Shaybānī),
184.
Saripul, established by Alexander, 8. Shahrisabz, 'Abdullah (son of Amir
Sarkar, definition, 333 note.
Sarts, definition, 245 note, 364.
Sāsānides, the, 22-33; death
Yezdijerd, 37.
Satuk Boghra Khān, 119.
Saura ibn el-Hurr, 73.
Saxaul (haloxylon ammodendron),
263.
Sayyid 'Abdul Ahad, 384.
Sayyid el-Harashi, 94.
Sayyid Haydar Tura, 208-10, 384
Sayyid Mir 'Alim, 384.
Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Din, 219; ex-
pedition against and submission to
Russia, 250-56.
Schefer, Ed., cited 50 note, passim.
Schuyler, cited 254 note.
Scythians-Arsaces (see that title),
defeated by Alexander, 8; Thogari,
the, 13; Sakas, Phraates slain by,
12; portion of Bactria wrested
from, 13; settlement in Hexapolis,
15; expulsion from Soghdiana and
subsequent fate, 16, 17; settlement
in Bactria and subsequent expul-
sion, 18; driven from Kiphin by
Kushans, 19.
Sé (see Scythians, Sakas).
Sefid Jämegan, followers of Mokanna',
Kazghan) defeated at, 166; attacked
by Nasrullah, 214; conquered, 219;
revolt, 220; subdued by General
Abramoff, 256.
Shāpur (brother of Ardashir), 22.
Shāpūr I., 23.
Shapur, conquest of, ascribed to
Shapur I., 23.
Shaybānī Khan (Shāhi Beg), 184;
Shaybanides (see Uzbegs).
Shaykh Nur-ed-Din, revolt against
Khalil Sultan, 175.
Shen-Yu, title borne by Juen-Juen
chiefs, 21 note.
Shi'ites, origin of, 81; revolt in
Khorasan, 91; in Daylam, 95;
Ma'mun, Shah Ismail, etc. (see
those titles).
Shugnan, Sakas established in, 17.
Shukovski, Prof., cited 141 note.
Sibir captured, 239.
Sihun (see Sir Darya).
Sinbad, 90.
Sir Daryā, northern boundary of
Turkestan, 3; chain of Russian
forts on, 245.
Sistan (Drangiana), occupied by Sakas,
18; Piruz made governor, 25; Arab
expedition, 38; conquered by Shāh
Rukh, 174.
Siyawush, 115 note.
Skobeleff, Michael Dmitriavitch, gov
ernor of Kokand, 260; Russian
policy in Central Asia, 339 note;
anecdote, 344, note; exploits, 288.
Smolensk, 230.
Soghd, assistance rendered to Bok-
hārā, 42; war with Kutayba, and
treaty, 51, 54; revolt against chief,
60; captured by Zahir ud-Din
Bāber, 184.
Soghdiana-annexation by Cyrus I.,
4; revolt against Alexander, 7;
subdued by Alexander, 9; loss of
Grecian power in, 18; expulsion of
Tajiks, the, origin and characteristics,
364; Iranian branch of Aryans
represented by, 3.
Talha, 100, 101.
Talikan, battle at, 57.
Tanaïs (Don), Sir Daryā, mistaken for,
by Alexander the Great, 7.
Tanap, definition, 362 note.
Tandar, 47.
Tanga, value of, 212 note.
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, cited 116, 119,
passim.
Taskhent, siege and storming of, by
Colonel Chernaieff, 247, 248; made
capital of Turkestan, 249; railway
to, 316.
Tatatungo, 155.
Tchinghiz (see Chingiz).
Tea, importation of, to Bokhārā, 372 ;
Chay Kabūd, 401.
Tekish, 145-47.
Tekkes (see Turkomans).
Temūchin (see Chingiz).
Thogari, the, 13.
Thomson, E. C. Ringler, cited 324
Tobolsk, building of, 239.
Toghan Khan, 119.
Sultan Mohammad Khwārazm Shah, Toghrul Beg, parentage, 125; Mas'ud
Sultan Shah Mahmud, 145.
Suyunjik, 189.
Suzdal, 234.
Syria, conquered by Arabs, 37.
TABARI, cited 25 note, passim.
Tabaristan, 67, 68.
Tahir ibn 'Amr, 111.
Tahirides, the, Tahir, 99, 100; Talha
and 'Abdullah, 100; Tahir II., 103;
defeated by Ya'kub, 105; length of
rule, 102; Persian literary language
in time of, 180.
Taigur, Ye-liu Ta-shi, also known as,
137.
T'ai-tsu (Apaoki), 137 note.
Tài Yãng, Kháng 155.
defeated by, 127; conquests and
death, 129-30.
Toghrul, Khan of the Keraits, 153.
Toghrul III., overthrown by Tekish,
146.
Tokharistan, Yué-Chi settlement in,
18; Persians masters of, 30; occu-
pied by Al-Hakam, 39; incor-
porated with Transoxiana, 192.
Tokhtamish Khan, 171, 183 note, 235.
Transcaspia-boundaries and physi-
cal features, 321; productions and
industries, 322; administration, 325;
taxation, 336; transport, 337; irriga-
tion methods, 331-34; education, 335;
drunkenness, 329; statistics of crime,
327-28; epidemics, 330; Turkomans
(see that title).
Transoxiana-Yué-Chi powerful in, |
17; Ephthalites in, 21; tribes de-
feated by Bahrām Gūr, 24; Turks
masters of, 30; suggested conquest
by Anushirawan, 30 note; Kutayba's
expeditions to, 47-55; Turks driven
out, 75; revolt of Nizek, 56; re-
duced by 'Omara ibn Horaym, 73;
Rafi master of, 97; governorship
held by Samanides, 105-13; fall
of Samanides, 119; Melik Shah
master of, 132; Kara-Khitays in
possession of, 137, 139; inherited
by Chaghatay, 160; Amir Kazghan
master of, 166; Bayan Selduz and
Haji Birlās rulers of, 167; invaded
1 by Khan of Jatah, 167, 169; Sultan
Khalil in possession of, 174; Ulugh
Beg governor of, 175; invasion by
'Abd ul-Latif, 177; Abu Sa'id
master of, 177; condition under
Sultan Ahmad, 178; Uzbeg rule
in, 184-92; Baber master of,
186; Tokharistan and Badakshān
incorporated with, 192; Astrakhan
dynasty in, 192-203; dialect in,
180 (see also Bokhārā, Samarkand,
etc.).
Tsin Chi Hwang-ti, 14.
Tüfghaj, the, 121.
Tughluk Timur Khān, 167.
Tūkā Timur, 183 note.
Tu-kiné, 29.
Tung-nu (Eastern Tartars), war with
Hiung-nu, 15; Yué-Chi (see that
title).
Turkan, Queen, 142-45.
Turkestan-boundaries and earliest
references, 3; Turkish migration
to, 124; conquered by Ye-liu Ta-
shi, 137; social conditions under
successors of Chaghatay, 162; partly
overrun by Abu-1- Khayr, 184;
attacked by Kokandis, 248; made
frontier district, 249; governor-
general appointed to, 253; Sam-
arkand incorporated with, 255;
Kokand incorporated, 260; dialect,
180.
Turkomans-derivation, 266; branch
of Western Turks, 124, 265; migra.
tion, 265; various tribes, 266-68;
government of, 272; growth of
hereditary principle, 273; raids,
274-76; slavery, 276; horses of,
276; appearance and dress, 279;
characteristics, 280; weaving, 282;
extent and physical features of ter-
ritory, 262-65; defeat by Uzbegs,
188; conflicts with Persia, 267-68,
269-70, 272; conflict with Khiva,
269; Merv occupied by, 269-72;
Russian conquest, war of exter-
mination by General Kauffman,
284; expedition of Lomakin, 286-87;
of Skobeleff, 289-99; battle of
Geok Teppe, 291-97; Transcaspia
(see that title).
Turks-divisions of, 29, 123; migra-
tions, 124, 129; relations with
Persians, 30-32; defeated by Rabi'
ibn Ziyad, 39; Islam embraced by
Turks in Balāsāghūn, 120; Kirghiz,
Turkomans, Uzbegs, etc. (see those
titles).
Tver, 234.
'UBAYDULLAH IBN ZIYAD, 39.
'Ubaydullah (son of Subhan Kuli
Khan), 199.
'Ubaydullah, Sultan, 186, 189, 190,
191 note.
Uighurs (Kara-Khanides), 114-22;
first mention of name, 116; Sakas
intermixed with, 17; urban life,
163.
Ujfalvy, cited 17 note, passim.
Ulugh Beg, governor of Transoxiana,
175; proclaimed emperor, 176;
murdered by son, 177; arithmetician
and astronomer, 180.
Umayya ibn 'Abdullah ibn Khālid,
43.
Umayyads,
the, various Caliphs
(see their titles); descent of Um-
ayya traced, 80; origin of dispute
with 'Abbasids, 80; downfall,
85.
Urdu Balik, 115.
Ustādsīs, 93.
Usuns, territory of, 15.
Uzbegi dialect, 180.
Uzbegs, the, 183-93; Kazaks, 183;
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