Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval ChinaCUP Archive, 1986年9月18日 - 266 頁 A reissue with a foreword and supplement, of a modern classic published in 1960. The invention of the mechanical clock was one of the most important turning points in the history of science and technology. This study revealed six centuries of mechanical clockwork preceding the first mechanical escapement clocks of the West of about AD 1300. Detailed and fully illustrated accounts of elaborate Chinese clocks are accompanied by a discussion of the social context of the Chinese inventions and an assessment of their possible transmission to medieval Europe. For this revised edition, Dr Joseph Needham has contributed a new foreword on recent research and perceptions. In a supplement John H. Combridge details a modern reconstruction of Su Sung's timekeeping device, which together with textual studies modifies our understanding of this important early technology. |
內容
Titlepage of the Hsin I Hsiang Fa Yao New Design for a Mechanised Armillary | 3 |
Su Sungs clocktower celestial globe | 7 |
TRANSMISSION OF THE TEXT OF SU SUNGS BOOK ΙΟ | 10 |
Wheel for the jacks exhibiting the quarter hours | 13 |
SU SUNGS MEMORIAL TO THE EMPEROR CHÊ TSUNG IS IV TRANSLATION OF SU SUNGS THIRD CHAPTER | 28 |
The origin of a technical term in eleventhcentury mechanical engineering | 31 |
Is Drivingwheel and sump | 39 |
EXPLANATION OF SU SUNGS CLOCKWORK | 48 |
Chang Hêng A D 78142 AstronomerRoyal in the Later Han dynasty eminent | 99 |
A battery of waterpowered triphammers for cereal pounding from the Tien | 110 |
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOCKWORK AFTER SU SUNG | 114 |
Sung dynasty politics and competing clockmakers p | 118 |
Horology in the south after the fall of the capital A D 1126 p | 126 |
The fate of Su Sungs clock in the north among the Chin Tartars p | 131 |
Clockwork under the Mongols thirteenth and fourteenth centuries p | 133 |
Kuo ShouChing A D 12311316 AstronomerRoyal in the Yuan dynasty Pl X | 134 |
Celestial globe drive original system with rotating polar axis | 49 |
Su Sungs armillary sphere the Component of the Four Displacements | 53 |
A diagrammatic timechart to illustrate the course of events in the escapement action | 59 |
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SU SUNGS CLOCK | 60 |
Armillaries before Su Sung p | 61 |
Dialfaces and anaphoric clocks p | 64 |
a The anaphoric clock of Hellenistic times surviving in an illustration of A D 1644 | 65 |
The deceptive language of Han HsienFu eleventh century p | 68 |
The mercury drive of Chang SsuHsün tenth century p | 70 |
IHsing and the first evidence of the escapement eighth century p | 74 |
Chang Sui known in religion as IHsing A D 682727 the Tantric Buddhist monk | 76 |
The adventurous life of Kêng Hsün sixth century p | 83 |
A survey of Chinese clepsydra technique p | 85 |
The principal types of clepsydras used in ancient and medieval China | 86 |
The birth of the celestial globe fifth century p | 94 |
A demonstrational armillary sphere of the European Renaissance made by Carolus | 96 |
Chang Hêng second century p | 98 |
Matteo Ricci S J Li MaTou A D 15521610 founder of the Jesuit mission | 138 |
Entry of the Jesuits with their selfsounding bells p | 142 |
SI Toghan Timur A D 132070 Shun Ti last emperor of the Yuan dynasty himself | 142 |
The Jesuits as makers and repairers of clocks in nomine Dei p | 148 |
The merchants of the singsong trade p | 150 |
Ming sand clocks p | 154 |
A Korean orrery p | 161 |
Chinese opinions of Jesuit clockwork p | 163 |
THE CONTEXT OF THE INVENTIONS page | 170 |
GENERAL HISTORY AND TRANSMISSION OF ASTRONOMICAL | 179 |
CHINESE HORARY SYSTEMS | 199 |
Supplement | 206 |
Bibliography to Supplement | 216 |
Tables of Chinese Characters | 229 |
| 243 | |
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常見字詞
ancient appears armillary sphere astronomical balancing beginning bells bronze calendar called celestial globe century Ch'i Ch'ien Chang Hêng chih Chin China Chinese circle clepsydra clock connected construction demonstrational described designs device double drive dynasty early ecliptic emperor escapement figure front gear-wheel give given heavens Hsiang imperial indicate interesting invention iron jacks Jesuits kind later lever lower means mechanical mentioned middle Ming motion moves Needham night observations officials original passage perhaps period placed position present probably quarters reference reign-period A.D. ring rotation round says scoops seems seen shaft Shih shows stars striking Su Sung Sung Sung's T'ang t'ien tank teeth term time-keeping turn upper Wang weight wheel whole Yuan
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第 218 頁 - Third ; for enabling Mr. James Cox, of the City of London, jeweller, to dispose of his Museum by way of Lottery.