New data on atomic bomb project from family archives of Lt.-Gen. Boris L'vovich Bannikov. (Mikhail Rebrov, "Atomnaia bomba: Kak nachinalsia otchet vremeni" Military Issues: [The Atom Bomb: How the Countdown Began], Krasnaia Zvezda, 20 August 1994, 7.)

Interview with I. Zavashin, director of "Avangard" factory at Arzamas-16, formerly secret Soviet nuclear center. (Vladimir Gubarev, "Yuri Zavashin: Pontiatie 'nado' my vpitali s molokom materi" [Yuri Zavashin: The Concept of "Must” We Imbibed with our Mother's Milk], Segodnia, 28 September 1994, 9.)

Description of Soviet Air Force 1956 training maneuver for nuclear war, in which 272 troops were ordered to land at ground zero. (Aleksandr Kyrov, "Dernyi Desant" [Turf Landing], Rossiskaia Gazeta, 26 May 1994, 7.)

Account of secret Soviet 1959 testing of atomic weapons in Pacific. (Mikhail Rebrov, "Otriad osobnogo naznacheniia: Khronika neob 'iavlennoi ekspeditsii" [An Order of Special Significance: The Story of an Unreported Expedition], Krasnaia Zvezda, 7 May 1994, 6.)

Hidden history and environmental costs of Soviet program of “peaceful nuclear explosions" (PNEs) from 1965-88 probed. (Judith Perera, "Revealed: 23 Years of Soviet Nuking," The Daily Telegraph (London), 8 February 1995, 16, in JPRS-TAC-95-001 (14 February 1995), 27-28.)

Environmental impact of nuclear tests on Totskii proving grounds, and increased cancer rates in city of Orenburzh, assessed by Duma representative. (Tamara Zlotnikova, “Zabytyi genotsid" [Forgotten Genocide], Nezavisimaia Gazeta, 14 September 1994,

2.)

Soviet KGB head Kryuchkov noted disap

Dmitrii Volkogonov interviewed on search for missing U.S. military from World War II. (Valerii Rudnev, "Rossiia prodolzhaetiskat" [Russia Continues to Search], Izvestiia, 28 October 1993, 6.) U.S.-Russian commission frustrated by lack of evidence behind claims captured US pilots were held on USSR territory. ("MIA's from the cold war," Moscow News [English] 23 (10-16 June 1994), 14.) On 15 September 1952, Russia returns body of U.S. Air Force captain whose RB-29 reconnaissance aircraft was downed over the Kurile Islands on 7 October 1952. (Reuters cited in RFE/RL Daily Report 178 (19 September 1994).) Revelations on plight of Americans shot down over USSR, Vietnam, including case of B-52 crewman Lt.-Col. Robert Standervik. (Komsomolskaya Pravda, in FBIS-SOV-95-040 (1 March 1995).)

Detailed account of postwar Soviet submarine building program. (I. Spasskiy and V. Semenov, "First Soviet Submarine With Turbine Power Plant (Design Project 617)," Morskoy Sbornik (Moscow) 7 (July 1994), 65-69, in JPRS-UMA-94-053 (15 December 1994), 19-23.

Report on early plans for development of Russian "PKO” defense system. (Anatolii Dokuchaev, "The Russians Weren't Shooting American Satellites,” Krasnaia Zvezda, 30 June 1994, 6.)

Report on 1955 disaster aboard battleship Novorossisk. (Ol'ga Musafirora, "Herazgadannyi vzryv" [Unsolved Explosion], Komsomol'skaia Pravda, 28 October 1993, 3.)

On 1962 Soviet naval campaign in Indonesia. (Andrei Zhdankin, "Do voiny ostavalos' tri chasa" [There Were Three Hours Left Until War], Rossiia, 1-7 June 1994, 1.)

Naval commander on Soviet atomic submarine progream. (Ivan Gulaev, “K-27: Podvodnyi rekord 1964 goda" [K-27: The 1964 Underwater Record], Krasnaia Zvezda, 25 June 1994, 6.)

Investigation into 1970 fire aboard nuclear submarine "K-8." (Vladimir Shigin, "Tragediia v Biskaiskom Zalive" [Tragedy in the Bay of Biscay], Moskovskaia Pravda, 12 April 1994, 9.)

New data on disaster aboard nuclear submarine PL-574 which claimed 89 lives. (“Taina gibeli PL-574" [The Secret of the Disaster of PL-574], Komsomol'skaia Pravda, 30 December 1993, 7.)

Former vice-admiral recalls 1974 minesweeping operation in Gulf of Suez. (Aleksandr Apollonov, “6.000 chasov na minnykh poliakh" [6,000 Hours on the Minefields], Krasnaya Zvezda, 17 September 1994, 6.)

Series on Pacific Ocean battles covered up by Soviet regimes. (Nikolai Burbyga, "Zhertvi heob iavlennykh voin" [Victims of Unannounced Wars], Izvestia, 5 January 1994, 6; 9 February 1994, 8.)

Reports on investigation of wreck of the Soviet atomic submarine "Komsomolets." (Vladimir Svartsevich, "Poligon nashei sovesti" [Proving-Ground of Our Conscience], Nezavisimaia Gazeta, 11 August 1994, 5-6; Kirill Dybskii, “Mstislav Keldysh' vernulsia 'so shchitom"" [The "Mstislav Keldysh" Returns "with the Shield"], Segodnia, 17 August 1994, 7.) Interview with Tengiz Borisov, former KOPRON director, on new data concerning "Komsomolets." (Eduard Lunev, "Poslednii parad 'Komsomol'tsa"" [The Last Parade of the "Komsomolets"], Rossiia 25 (6-12 June 1994), 6.)

New data on Soviet ballistic missile development. (Krasnaia Zvezda, 18 June 1994, 6.)

Sino-Soviet Relations:

Correspondence printed between Stalin and Mao from January 1949 reveals disagreement on tactics regarding potential media

tion of Chinese Civil War. (Sergei L. Tikhvinskii, "Iz Arkhiva Prezidenta RF: Perepiska I.V. Stalina s Mao Tszedunom v yanvare 1949 g." [From the Presidential Archives of the RF (Russian Federation): Correspondence of I.V. Stalin with Mao Zedong of January 1949], Novaya i noveisha istoriya 4-5 (July-October 1994), 132-40.)

Newly released Soviet documents on Mikoyan's secret visit to Mao and CCP leaders, 31 January-7 February 1949. (Andrei Ledovskii, "Secretnaia missiia A.I. Mikoyana v Kitai" [Secret Mission of A.I. Mikoyan to China], Problemi Dalnego Vostoka 2, 3 (1995).)

New Russian evidence on Sino-Soviet relations, 1949-52. (B. Kulik, “Kitaiskaiia Narodnaiia Respublika v period stanovleniia (1949-1952) (Po materialam Arkhiva vneshnei politik RF" [The Chinese People's Republic in the Founding Period (Materials from the Archive of foreign policy of the Russian Federation], Problemi Dalnego Vostoka 6 (1994).)

Mao's reactions to Khrushchev's 20th Party Congress speech, as told to Soviet ambassador in Beijing. (P. Yudin, "Zapis besedy s tovarischem Mao," Problemi Dalnego Vostok 5 (1994).

New information on 1971 crash of Lin Biao during flight from China. (Andrei Kosyrev, "Delo Lin Biao': Zagadka Pochti Rasreshena" ["The Lin Biao Affair": The Mystery is Nearly Solved], Moskovskaia Pravda, 24 March 1994, 4; Yuri Dmitriev, "Poslednii polet kitaiskogo marshala" [The Last Flight of the Chinese Marshal], Trud, 9 April 1994; Ivan Iavnok, "Marshal Lin Biao Razbilsia v Mongolii" [Marshal Lin Biao Died in Mongolia], Krasnaia Zvezda, 7 May 1994, 6.)

Interview with Li Iuzhan, Mao's interpreter for meetings with Khrushchev and Brezhnev. (Andrei Kabannikov, "Mao v okruzhenii vragov i tantsovshchits" [Mao, Surrounded by Enemies and Dancers], Komsomolskaia Pravda, 6 January 1994, 14.)

Intelligence/Espionage Issues:

Former defenders of Rosenbergs say Venona decrypts of KGB messages seem genuine

and indicate Julius Rosenberg indeed ran Communist spy ring, though some key evidence of atomic espionage still lacking. (Walter Schneir and Miriam Schneir, “Cryptic Answers," The Nation, 14/21 August 1995, 152-53.)

Christine Keeler, call-girl who was key figure in 1963 Profumo spy scandal in England, reportedly admitted for first time to having been a Soviet spy. (British magazine OK, 4 November 1994, quoted in RFE/RL Daily Report 211 (7 November 1994).)

Story behind publication of Yuri Shvets's Washington Station: My Life as a KGB Spy in America. (Dmitry Radyshevsky and Nataliya Gevorkyan, "The memoirs of a Soviet intelligence officer have created a big panic," Moscow News [English] 16 (22-28 April 1994), 14.)

Recollections of Andropov from ex-KGB colleagues. (Aleksandr Cherniak, "Andropov-Izvestnyi i neizvestnyi" [Andropov-The Known and Unknown], Pravda, 15 June 1994, 3; Aleksei Grishin, "V ego stikakh bylo mnogo ostrykh slovochek" [In His Poems There Were Many Sharp Words], Nezavisimaia Gazeta, 21 June 1994, 6.)

Interview of Vladimir Barkovskii, who worked with Soviet spies in London, on role of espionage in development of Soviet atomic bombs. (Andrei Vaganov, "Sorok piat' let nazad, 29 avgusta, byla ispytana pervala v CCCR atomnaia bomba" [Forty-Five Years Ago, On August 29, the USSR's First Atom Bomb Was Tested], Nezavisimaia Gazeta, 30 August 1993, 1.)

On the controversy over the book by exKGB officer Pavel Sudoplatov et al., Special Tasks, and its allegations that prominent Western scientists knowingly provided information to Soviet intelligence. (Vladimir Nadein, "Proval po vsei semi:-Pochemu nashemu velikomu shpionu ne posvolili klevat' v Amerike" [Malfunction of All Systems: Why Our Great Spy Was Not Allowed to Slander America], Izvestiia, 4 June 1994, 5.) Lavrenti Beria's son Sergo claims on Russian television no 15 July 1994 that J.Robert Oppenheimer secretly visited his father in the USSR in 1939; historians dismiss story as absurd. (RFE/RL Daily Report

136 (20 July 1994).) Russian Academy of Sciences devotes meeting to discussion of book, various comments cited in Literaturnaya gazeta on 27 July 1994. (RFE/ RL Daily Report 145 (2 August 1994).)

Moscow publishers Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniye to release six-volume history of Russian foreign intelligence service, reports Trud on 15 October 1994. (RFE/RL Daily Report 201 (21 October 1994).)

Interview with ex-KGB official Lt.-Gen. (ret.) Nikolay Leonov, author of Seditious Times (1994); comments on Ames case, KGB defectors, etc. ("KGB Lieutenant General Nikolay Leonov: Failure by Ames in the United States was Impossible: He Was Betrayed in Moscow," Komsomolskaya Pravda, 22 December 1994, 6, in FBISSOV-94-248 (27 December 1994), 17-19.)

Interview with Vladimir Stanchenko about Soviet and Russian espionage. ("The Spy Who Returned to the Cold," Izvestiia, 2 September 1994, 9.)

CIA's record vis-a-vis USSR in Cold War's closing years assessed. (Walter Pincus, "Reagan Buildup at CIA Spawned Current Woes," Washington Post, 29 December 1994.)

KGB watched Russian National Unity Movement leader Aleksey Vedenkin for "keenness on fascist ideas" since 1981, authorities say; other report says Vedenkin probably belonged to KGB. (Moscow RIA, 1 March 1995, in FBIS-SOV-95-046-A (9 March 1995), 3-4; also Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 1 March 1995, 1, as "Article Links Vedenkin to KGB," FBIS-SOV-95-055 (22 March 1995), 20.)

Interview with ex-KGB double agent-defector Oleg Gordievsky on publication of his memoirs; Sunday Times (London) publishes excerpt with names of KGB sources. ("ExSpy Causes Uproar in Britain" and "Times Publishes Names of British KGB Informers," Moscow News [English] 8 (24 February-2 March 1995), 11; see also "KGB: Michael Foot was our agent," The Sunday Times (London), 19 February 1995.)

New official publication, White Paper on Russian Secret Services (Moscow:

Higher than the World Standard], Novaia Ezhednevnaia Gazeta, 1 September 1994.)

Russian presidential decree (no. 489-rp, dated 22 September 1994) is supposed to lead to massive declassification of materials more than 30 years old. ("Decree to Reveal Secrets," Moscow News [English] 40 (7-13 October 1994), 14.)

State Duma passes legislation on Freedom of Information giving citizens rights to state information resources, reports Rossiiskie vesti on 23 November 1994. (RFE/RL Daily Report 223 (28 November 1994).)

State Duma passes Russian "Federal Law on Information, Informatization, and the Protection of Information" on 25 January 1995; signed by Yeltsin on 20 February 1995. (Text in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 22 February 1995, 15-16, in FBIS-SOV-95-048-S (13 March 1995), 29-37

Yeltsin signs decree no. 180 dated 17 February 1995 to declassify and publish documents on Soviet nuclear weapons program up to 1954. ("Yeltsin Opens Archives On Soviet Nuclear History," Washington Post, 19 February 1995, A46; OMRI Daily Digest 36:1 (20 February 1995); Rossiskaya Gazeta, 1 March 1995, 14, in FBIS-SOV-95-058-S (27 March 1995), 1.) Commission formed to implement decree; members listed. (Rossiiskaia Gazeta, 7 June 1995, 5, in FBISSOV-95-115-S (15 June 1995), 67.)

Joint Task Force on Archives, American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies and The American Historical Association, 1 April 1995," Slavic Review 54:2 (Summer 1995), 407-426.)

Interview with Rosarkhiv head R.G. Pikhoia. ("Rossiia atnositsoa 1 chislu belikikh archivnikh derzhav"" ["Russia Acts Toward a Time of Great Archival Power”], Rossiiski Vesti, 22 June 1995, 7.)

Interview with head of the Russian Presidential Archives (APRF) Aleksandr Korotkov. ("Dla chevo otkrivaiem 'osobuyu papki"" [Why Open the "Special Files"], Krasnaia Zvezda, 9 August 1995, 2.)

Armenia

Document published purporting to confirm secret collaboration between Dashnak party (Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF)) and KGB during Soviet era. (Aragil Electronic News Bulletin (Yerevan), 4 March 1995, in FBIS-SOV-95-043 (6 March 1995), 93.)

Ex-KGB officer describes work in 1980s. (Golos Armenii (Yerevan), 6 July 1995, 1-2, in FBIS-SOV-95-136 (17 July 1995), 9294.)

Belarus

Belarus body aiding U.S.-Russian MIA/ POW commission facing disbandment. (Yevgeny Sulyga, "About Traces of the Vietnam War in the City of Minsk," Komsomolskaya Pravda [Moscow], 28 February 1995, 1, 3, in FBIS-SOV-95-040 (1 March 1995), 51-52.)

Estonia

Estonian government concerned by reports of KGB documents being sold on black market; Estonia's Archives Department acknowledges loss of "thousands of files on the activity of the KGB and other intelligence agencies." (Interfax report of 20 November 1994, in RFE/RL Daily Report 221 (21 November 1994).)

Parliamentary committee reports results of two-year investigation of KGB activities in Estonia, including review of archives.

Archiv 28:3 (1995), 290-298; Gerhard Wettig, "Stalin - Patriot und Demokrat fur Deutschland?" and Loth, “Kritik ohne Gundlagen. Erwiderung auf Gerhard Wettig," Deutschland Archiv 28:7 (1995), 743-750; Wettig, "Die beginnende Umorientierung der sowjetischen Deutschland-Politik im Frühjahr und Sommer 1953," Deutschland Archiv 28:5 (1995), 495-507.

Stasi files disclose data on notorious terrorist "Carlos" and lawyer now defending him, Jacques Verges. (Peter Sandmeyer, "The Jackal and the Villain," Stern (Hamburg), 22 September 1993[4], 202-204, in FBIS-WEU94-185 (23 September 1994), 14-15.)

Social Democratic Party (SPD) chair Rudolph Scharping seeks Stasi files to rebut charges by Helmut Kohl and others that the SPD betrayed the goal of German unification in talks with GDR officials. (Sueddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), 8 February 1994, 4, in "Scharping Rejects CDU Accusations of SPD-Stasi Cooperation," FBIS-WEU-94-027 (9 February 1994), 31.)

Reports cite Stasi files showing Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) politician Gregor Gysi collaborated with secret police against his client, dissident Robert Havemann; Gysi denies charges. ("Meeting at 'Ellen,"" Der Spiegel (Hamburg), 17 October 1994, 21-26, in FBIS-WEU-94-201 (18 October 1994), 23-25; “Gregor's Reports," Der Spiegel (Hamburg), 7 November 1994, 26-30, in "Files Incriminate Gysi for Stasi 'Collaboration," FBIS-WEU-94216 (8 November 1994), 22.)

Charges lodged against couple for spying for Stasi against West Germany between 1971 and 1976. (Berlin DDP/ADN, 27 October 1994, in FBIS-WEU-94-209 (28 October 1994), 18.)

Interview with Markus Wolf, former head of GDR external intelligence service. (“East Germany's Old Spymaster Talks: So Many Regrets, but Uncontrite," NYT, 6 June 1995, A11.)

Publications: R.C. Raack, Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938-1945: The Origins of the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Norman Naimark, The

Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Inventar der Befehle des Obersten Chefs der Sowjetischen Militaradministration in Deutschland (SMAD) 1945-1949 (Munich: K.G. Saur, 1995); Wilfried Loth, ed., Die deutsche Frage in die Nachkriegszeit (Berlin: Akademie, 1994); Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).

Hungary

Recounting of case of school-teacher arrested in connection with show trials in Hungary under Matyas Rakosi in Stalin's last years. (Eva V. Deak, "A Show Trial Case History: The Story of Gyorgyi Tarisznyas," The Hungarian Quarterly 35:134 (Summer 1994), 75-91.)

Budapest Military Prosecutor's Office on 28 October 1994 presses charges against three army officers accused of killing unarmed demonstrators during 1956 events, according to MTI. (RFE/RL Daily Report 207 (31 October 1994).)

Survey of international dimension of 1956 Hungarian crisis, using new Eastern, Western, and Hungarian sources. (Csaba Bekes, "The 1956 Revolution and World Politics," The Hungarian Quarterly 36 (Summer 1995), 109-121.)

Recordings of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty broadcasts during 1956 Hungarian crisis discovered. (NYT, 24 October 1995.)

Newly-available Hungarian archives inform account of Budapest's role in 1968 Czechoslovak crisis. (Istvan Vida, “Janos Kadar and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968," The Hungarian Quarterly 35:135 (Autumn 1994), 108-123.)

Government abolishes Historical Investigation Committee established by previous Hungarian government to investigate "blank spots" in recent history, says radio Budapest on 22 December 1994. (RFE/RL Daily Report 241 (22 December 1994).)

Biographical interview with Akos

Engelmayer, Hungarian ambassador to Poland, recounting influence of 1956, 1968, 1970, etc. ("Ambassador with a Rucksack,” The Hungarian Quarterly 35:133 (Spring 1994), 123-128.)

Publications: Die Ungarische Revolution 1956 [findings of an Austrian-Hungarian Conference in Vienna, 6 April 1995] (Wien: Collegium Hungaricum, 1995).

Poland

Sejm considering State Secrets Bill barring release of information on intelligence activities for 80 years, national security or defense information for 40 years, and economic secrets for 30 years; media, liberals, oppose bill, which is returned to committee. (RFE/ RL Daily Report 163 (29 August 1994).) Government and media agree new constitution will guarantee freedom of information, press; parliament rejects restrictive secrecy law. (Rzeczpospolita and Gazeta Wyborcza reports, 25 October 1994, quoted in RFE/RL Daily Report 203 (25 October 1994).)

Ex-Soviet base near Szczecin seen as econological hazard. (Glos Szczecinski, 1 February 1995, 1, in JPRS-TEN-95-004 (28 February 1995), 21-22.)

Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin on 9 September 1994 meets Polish team investigating Katyn massacre. (Gazeta Wyborcza cited in RFE/RL Daily Report 173 (12 September 1994).) Polish president Walesa, at ceremony marking 55th anniversary of Katyn massacres, calls on Russia to reveal full truth. (Warsaw TV, 3 April 1995, in FBISEEU-96-064 (4 April 1995), 32-33.) Criminal probe begun in 1993 by Smolensk Military Prosecutor's Office drawing to a close. (Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 29 April 1995, in FBIS-SOV-95-085 (3 May 1995), 6-7.) Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian prosecutors sign accord on cooperation regarding Katyn investigations. (Warsaw PAP, 31 May 1995, in FBIS-EEU-95107-A (2 June 1995), 23.) Walesa speaks at Katyn. (FBIS-EEU-95-107 (5 June 1995), 48-49.) Yeltsin sends message to ceremony. (Moscow Interfax, 3 June 1995, in FBISSOV-95-107 (5 June 1995), 9.)

Ministry of Internal Affairs considers opening up archives up to 1956. (Warsaw Polskie

Radio, 30 March 1995, in FBIS-EEU-95061 (30 March 1995), 23.

Student groups demand release of secret police files on 1977 death of anti-government activist Stanislaw Pyjas. (RFE/RL Daily Report 41 (1 March 1994).

Publications: Tajne Dokumenty Biura Politycznego: Grudzien 1970 [Secret Documents of the Politbureau of the Polish Communist Party (PUWP) on Events of December 1970] (London: Aneks Publishers, 1991); Tajne Dokumenty: Biura Politycznego: PZPR a "Solidarnosc" 1980-1981 [Secret Documents of the Politbureau of the Polish Communist Party (PUWP). Party versus "Solidarity" 1980-1981] (London: Aneks Publishers, 1992); Tajne Dokumenty Biura Politycznego i Sekretariatu KC: Ostatni rok wladzy 1988-1989 [Secret Documents of the Politbureau of the Polish Communist Party (PUWP) and the Secretariat of the Central Committee: The Last Year in Power, 19881989) (London: Aneks Publishers, 1994); Andrzej Garlicki, ZTajnych Archiwow [From the Secret Archives] (Warsaw: Polska Oficyna Wydawnicza ‘BGW', 1993); Pawel Machcewicz, Polski Rok 1956 [The Polish Year 1956] (Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza 'Mowia Wieki', 1993); Andrzej Garlicki and Andrzej Paczkowski, eds., Zaciskanie Petli: Tajne Dokumenty Dotyczace Czechoslowacji 1968 r. [Tightening of the Noose: Secret Documents Concerning Czechoslovakia 1968] (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1995); Michael Bernhard and Henryk Szlajfer, eds., From the Polish Underground: Selections from Krytyka, 1978-1993 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press, 1995).

Romania

Report on Soviet policy toward December 1989 Romanian events, including letter from Shevardnadze to Gorbachev and minutes of meetings. ("On the Events of 1989 in Romania,” Diplomaticheskii Vestnik (Moscow) 21-22 (November 1994), 74-80.)

Appearing before “December 1989” parliamentary commission, President Ilescu denied allegations he sought Soviet assistance on 22 or 23 December 1989. (Adevarul (Bucharest), 20 December 1994, 2, in FBISEEU-94-249 (28 December 1994), 17.)

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