East-West Trade: The Prospects to 1985 : StudiesU.S. Government Printing Office, 1982 - 330 頁 |
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agricultural Albania Amount Percent Amount average annual rate Basic industrial Beijing Bucharest's Bulgaria Bulgaria's Chemical elements Chemicals SITC China's CMEA coal commodities continue credits Crude materials SITC Cuba Cuba's Cuban Czechoslovak developed countries Dollar amounts domestic economic European Community European Community share expand export growth Federal Republic Foodstuffs SITC foreign trade grain growth rate hard currency debt hard currency earnings hard currency exports hard currency trade Hungarian increase industrial goods SITC Industrialized West iron and steel levels Machinery and transport magnetic tapes million in 1979 Millions of U.S. Mineral fuels Mineral fuels SITC Miscellaneous manufactured nonelectric Nonferrous metals OPEC output Percent Amount Percent percent annually percent of total period Poland Poland's ports purchases Republic of Germany Romanian sector Soviet Union sugar TABLE Textile yarn total imports Trade turnover transport equipment SITC U.N. trade data U.S. Census Bureau U.S. dollars U.S. exports United
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第 55 頁 - Meanwhile, the state plans to build or complete 120 large-scale projects, including 10 iron and steel complexes, 9 nonferrous metal complexes, 8 coal mines, 10 oil and gas fields, 30 power stations, 6 new trunk railways and 5 key harbors. The completion of these projects added to the existing industrial foundation will provide China with 14 fairly strong and fairly rationally located industrial bases.
第 110 頁 - CMEA countries and, since the mid-1970s, through trade with Western countries such as Japan, Canada and others. However, the continued denial of Cuban access to US trade and financial markets has effectively restricted the potential for trade and investment by other Western countries and narrowly circumscribed Havana's options for economic development, forcing increased dependence on CMEA. Thus, the US embargo has been and continues to be not only a major, but a crucial impediment to Cuba's efforts...
第 106 頁 - Establishment of a national health care program that is superior in the Third World and rivals that of numerous developed countries. • Near total elimination of illiteracy and a highly developed multilevel educational system. • Development of a relatively well-disciplined and motivated population with a strong sense of national identification. Failures While these achievements have been significant and are distinctive among LDCs, they have entailed substantial costs which have perhaps been less...
第 114 頁 - Havana's ability to generate domestic investment capital or attract Western foreign investment. In recent years, Soviet support has been greater, and perhaps more crucial than ever, because of Cuba's deteriorating foreign payments situation and its ambitious foreign policy initiatives.
第 114 頁 - ... been greater, and perhaps more crucial than ever, because of Cuba's deteriorating foreign payments situation and its ambitious foreign policy initiatives." Theriot gives the following examples for 1979: the $3 billion in Soviet economic assistance equaled about one-quarter of Cuba's GNP; the Soviets purchased 72 percent of Cuba's $4.5 billion of exports, including 55 percent of Cuba's sugar exports and 50 percent of Cuba's nickel exports; the Soviet Union "accounted for three-fifths of Cuba's...
第 110 頁 - ... countries and narrowly circumscribed Havana's options for economic development, forcing increased dependence on CMEA. Thus, the US embargo has been and continues to be not only a major, but a crucial impediment to Cuba's efforts at diversifying and expanding its hard currency trade, the key to improved economic growth and living standards. Indeed, it is fair to say that the US embargo has condemned and will continue to condemn the Cuban economy to continued stagnation, with occasional temporary...
第 108 頁 - ... dominated by sugar. • After twenty years of accepting austerity and sacrificing present consumption for investment in future development, the Cuban people have a growing awareness that only their minimal needs are satisfied and that they face continued frustration in their expectations for improvement. • The egalitarian distribution of income has also served to erode material incentives and dissipated labor motivation to the point where productivity is dismal. • Cuba's aggressive international...
第 136 頁 - ... especially the USSR — is likely drawing to a close. . . . Energy constraints and dependence on traditional sectors, especially an overwhelming reliance on sugar, will continue to condemn Cuba to a stop-go cycle of economic development, inevitably linked to volatile swings in world sugar markets. . . . For the average Cuban, the outlook is for more austerity — perhaps interrupted by small periodic advances when the sugar price swings upward. The first half of the 1980s has witnessed a steady...
第 112 頁 - ... management is being implemented to reduce inefficiency and misallocation of resources by measuring economic performance by "realistic" standards of cost accounting and profitability. In another move toward decentralization, in April 1980 the state-run food distribution system was supplemented by free farmers' markets where prices 7-10 times higher than in state stores demonstrate the extent of shortage and suppressed inflation. Economic reassessment and institutional revision have been attempted...