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Philosophically, the editors of this casebook have tried to indicate the new concerns in PSYOP, the changing conceptions of the field as a whole, and the trends in the use of new methodologies and techniques to improve its effectiveness. It is with reference to the change in conceptualization of PSYOP over the last fifteen years and to the trend of thinking in the early seventies that PSYOP is viewed in this book as communication. When the question is asked, "What is PSYOP?", the answers of different generations and different experts vary. Yet, as noted earlier, increasingly over the last decade and a half, psychological operations is studied in the context of communication. Although "persuasive" and "purposive" communications are the focus of this study, many scholars in the communications field argue that all communication is "purposive" and hence "persuasive." There is no need, in the context of present purposes, for this anthology to align itself with one or the other of these schools of thought.

Editorial Method

The desire to cover the "open" literature as thoroughly as possible and to make this an essential source for both military and civilian personnel interested in PSYOP and communications has made it necessary to be as concise as possible. It has therefore been necessary to excerpt many selections on the basis of relevance and concision. Except in the very few cases where the essays were "adapted," the excerpting is indicated by the use of ellipsis points in both copyrighted and noncopyrighted material. Only in the "original" and editors' essays were editorial changes, other than purely stylistic ones, made. Where necessary, the footnotes in each essay were renumbered, but not otherwise altered in form. The notes pertinent to a particular essay appear at the conclusion of that essay. Bibliographic citations for most sources used by the essay authors are found at the end of each chapter.

In as far as possible, the editors sought the consent of authors and organizations, even when their material was not copyrighted. The copyright holder, at least, was provided with a copy of the material in its proposed form. A particular note is made of the willingness with which publishers, editors, and authors responded to requests for permission to reprint material. In some cases, they even offered to update, substitute, or revise their articles, and when time permitted, the editors were able to take advantage of this. Some authors even suggested that they were flattered to be included. The undersigned, however, look at this the other way around: this book needed their contributions.

Inevitably in a work such as this-in which authors represent many nationalities, professions, and perspectives-the reader will find some material in spoken or translated English. For example, in those contributions illustrative of the day-to-day output of military units engaged in actual operations, a kind of clipped but useful military style is employed. Such a style was retained because it has a feel of immediacy and serves as an example of real PSYOP in action.

As in any anthology, one is advised to consider the article's original date of publication in his reading. A further result of the use of the case study approach is the fact that articles do not have an inherent order and flow. Although each selection has been placed in a chapter on the basis of its contributions to the topic covered in that chapter, an overly rigid linking of the several selections would be an arbitrary enterprise, misleading in some cases, since many contributions are illustrative rather than conclusive. The editors, therefore, have used the introductory comments at the head of each article to place the contribution in its situational context in many cases. However, this means, in some instances, that emphasis has been placed on aspects the contributing author did not necessarily consider to be preeminent, given his sometimes different purpose. Furthermore, because of the disclaimers carried in the mastheads of many of the original source publications, no implications should be drawn concerning the original source publishers' views on any articles published by them, without consulting the original source.

The chapters of this anthology, as well as the articles themselves, stand alone in large measure, even though references and cross-references reflect the interdependence of the various aspects of the PSYOP process as a whole. It is to be noted that because of the use of the casebook approach, style varies markedly from one article to another, providing a diversion from a single manner of expression.

Finally, a concerted effort has been made in the selection process for this compilation to stress the importance that the "PSYOP-related” fields have for effective psychological operations. Moreover, admittedly, controversial analyses, conclusions, and recommendations are found in several of the articles. These have been included not only for the purposes of the casebook already discussed, but to stimulate thinking. Essays featuring contrasting points of view are presented to provide a general idea of the range of thought of the individuals working in the field.

At any rate, this study looks at psychological operations analytically and conceptually as well as descriptively. Above all, every action and all inaction communicate. The goal in PSYOP must be to ensure that, through the combination of action and words, the desired message is the one that is transmitted. This is as true for nations as it is for individuals and groups.

D. C. Pollock

R. D. McLaurin
C. T. Rosenthal
S. A. Skillings.

AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND EDITORS

AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

AARON,
Harold R.
(Major General,
US. Army)

ALLEN,
George V.

ASKENASY,
Alexander R.

BAIRDAIN,

E. Frederick

Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, De-
partment of the Army, 1974; Graduate of the
National War College; Special Warfare Di-
vision, Army General Staff, 1960-1961; Office
of the Special Assistant for Counterinsur-
gency, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
1965-1967; CO 1st Special Forces Group, 1967-
1968; CO 5th Special Forces Group, 1968-1969.
Career Foreign Service Officer, retired; Am-
bassador to Iran, Yugoslavia, India, Nepal,
and Greece; Assistant Secretary of State for
Near East, South Asian, and African Affairs,
1955-1956; Director, U.S. Information
Agency, 1957-1960; President, Tobacco Insti-
tute, 1960-1966; Director, Foreign Service
Institute, 1966-1969.

Coordinator, Out-Patient Clinic, New York
State Psychiatric Institute; Associate Re-
search Scientist, Social Science Research
Unit, N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia Univer-
sity, 1969-1972; Senior Research Scientist,
Center for Research in Social Systems, 1963-
1969; Research Associate, then Project Co-
Director, World Federation of Mental Health,
1959-1963; Research Associate, Psychologi-
cal Research Associates (involved in research
on mass communications and psychological
warfare during World War II), 1956-1958;
Psychologist, U.S. Army Medical Research
Laboratory (Ft. Knox) and U.S. Military
Government for Germany (public opinion re-
search), 1954-1956; taught at Princeton, Co-
lumbia, and The American University and the
University of Virginia; author of Attitudes
Toward Mental Illness: A Cross-Cultural
Study and Perception of Korean Opinions: A
Study of U.S. Army Officers' Expertise.
Vice President and Senior Research Scientist,
Applied Systems Science Technology, Inc.;
has held senior management positions in
domestic and foreign operations of several
major transnational corporations specializing

BAIRDAIN,
Edith M.

BARGHOORN,
Frederick C.

BARR,
John S.

BARRETT,
Raymond J.

in organization and communications; Project Director of a task force to assess the status of PSYOP in Vietnam; Principal Scientist for conduct of basic and applied field research on measurement of effectiveness of PSYOP; and Principal Scientist for a project to create a history of PSYOP in Southeast Asia and develop recommendations on doctrine and guidance for the future; author of many classified publications and coauthor of Program Assessment: Vietnam Field Study, Psychological Operations-Vietnam.

President and Chief Scientist, Applied Systems Science Technology, Inc.; has held management postions in the aerospace and computer systems industry, including International Electric Corporation, Computer Sciences Corporation, and International Telephone and Telegraph; Project Director of a project to create a history of PSYOP in Southeast Asia and develop recommendations on doctrine and guidance for the future; Research Director of a task force advising U.S. agencies on conduct and evaluation of PSYOP in Vietnam; Research Director of a Field Team for Psychological Operations; coauthor of Program Assessment: Vietnam Field Study, Psychological Operations-Vietnam. Professor of Political Science, Yale University; Associate Division Assistant, Department of State, 1941-1942; Press Attache, U.S. Embassy, Moscow, 1943-1947; author of The Soviet Image of the U.S.; Soviet Russian Nationalism; Soviet Cultural Offensive; Soviet Foreign Propaganda.

Retired; represented London Missionary Society in China from 1924 to 1952; Professor and Counselor, Chung Chi College, Hong Kong, until 1966.

Department of State Advisor at John F. Kennedy Center for Military Assistance, Fort Bragg, N.C.; as U.S. Foreign Service Officer, served in Madrid, Mexico City, Managua, Dublin, and Cairo overseas, and in the Office of International Conferences, the Office of East and Southern African Affairs, and at Air Force Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

BEELEY,
Sir Harold

BELOFF,
Max

BERGER,
Carl

BOGART,
Leo

BOHANNAN,
Charles T. R.
(Lieutenant Colonel,
U.S. Army, Ret.)

BRANDON,

James R.

Retired from British Diplomatic Service; UK
Deputy Representative to the United Na-
tions, 1958-1961; UK Representative to
Geneva Disarmament Conference, 1964-1967;
conducted study of British overseas informa- .
tion services in 1967; Ambassador to the
United Arab Republic until 1969.

Gladstone Professor of Government and Public
Administration, Oxford University; has
studied cultural and information work of
Council of Europe and NATO; author of The
Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1929-1941,
Public Order and Popular Disturbances, The
American Federal Government, The Future
of British Foreign Policy, Imperial Sunset.
Chief, Histories Division, Office of Air Force
History; formerly, Historian, Air Force,
Cambridge Research Laboratories; Historian,
Vandenberg Air Force Base; author of The
Korean Knot, Broadsides and Bayonets, B-29
Superfortress, Strategic Leaflets.

Executive Vice President and General Man-
ager, Advertising Bureau, American News-
paper Publishers Association; public opinion
research, Standard Oil Company, 1948-1951;
Vice President, Market Planning Corpora-
tion, 1952-1958; lecturer, sociology, Columbia
University, 1953-1961; author of Age of Tele-
vision, Strategy in Advertising; editor,
Psychology in Media Strategy, Social Re-
search and the Desegregation of the U.S.
Army.

Retired career military officer; Smithsonian Institution, before World War II; in Army of the United States, 1941-1961; assigned to Philippines 1945-1948, 1950-1957; coauthor of Counter-Guerrilla Operations-The Philippine Experience.

Professor of Drama and Theater, University of Hawaii; has also taught at University of Connecticut and Michigan State University; assistant cultural attache, USIS, Djakarta, 1955-1956; radio officer, 1956-1957; Japanese language officer, Tokyo, 1958-1958; assistant cultural attache, 1959-1961; author of On Thrones of Gold: Three Javanese Shadow

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