plays: See drama as a communication channel postage stamps, use in PSYOP: See mail as a communication channel POW cooperation in PSYOP: 406-407, 416-420, 487-488, 512 as source of PSYOP intelligence, 512-518, 575-578, 725-726 "political development": 465-471 political themes in PSYOP: 405 POLWAR: See PSYOP (see also PSYOP, South Vietnamese) populace and resources control: 60 posters, 26 practical jokes are PSYOP: 767-770 Pravda: 712, 1039-1040, 1091 press, the (see also newspapers): government relations with, 167-173 role in society, 168-169 in Vietnam, 167–174 primary group: 64–67 role in communication, 28 printed media: 696-697, 700, 939-942, 1046-1048 in developing countries, 939-943 prisoner treatment as PSYOP theme: 404-405 Project Falling Leaves: 413-416 propaganda (see also PSYOP; communications; terminology for PSYOP): 1011-1021, 1075– 1141 African, 1122-1141, 1146-1152 definition of, 1012 East Asian, 1105-1115 East European, 1090–1105 grey and black, 8, 678-679, 720-721, 761 and ideology, 1027-1072 insurgent, 1141-1163 Pacific area, 1120-1122 role of the government system in, 1027-1058 role of ideology in, 1027-1028 Southeast Asian, 1115-1120 as term for PSYOP, 2 use of analysis of foreign government, 545–548 West European, 1075–1089 propaganda cycle: See PSYOP cycle psychological action (l'action psychologique): See terminology for PSYOP Psychological Action Service (SAPI) (French): 251–259 psychological implications of the use of force: 422-424 psychological operations (see PSYOP) Psychological Operations Coordinating Committee: 19 psychological warfare (PYWAR): See terminology for PSYOP; PSYOP, evolution of in Algeria, 248-259 American people's attitude toward, 2-3, 6-7 British, 7, 18-19, 49, 186-191, 379-380, 1075-1084 British attitude toward, 7 Chinese (People's Republic of China), 29, 41-43, 194-197, 344, 722-725, 735-739, 1041 in Africa, 1110-1115 historical, 1073 PSYOP (con't) Chinese (Republic of China), 463, 1105-1110 comparison of U.S. and Soviet, 9, 848-854 in counterinsurgencies, 370-379, 446 in the Cuban missile crisis, 178-181, 259-261, 386–391 definitions of, 40-47, 69 in Dominican Republic, 229-232, 262-266 in the era of national liberation wars (post-1960), 10-11, 69, 149-154, 397-400 French, 234-241, 248-259 in Cameroon, 234–241 in Hungarian uprising, 382–386 importance of systematic research to, 479 in insurgencies (see also PSYOP in the era of national liberation wars), 149-154, 183, in Korean War, 7, 82-83, 412-413, 518-534 lack of definition, 2 in Laos, 1119-1120 in Lebanon intervention, 241-246, 380-382, 714-715 in Malaya, 73, 370-380 Nazi, 1030-1043 as "new diplomacy," 8, 14(n19) in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 191-194, 702-711 NLF (National Liberation Front-Vietnam), 680-682, 716-717, 750-753, 1117, 1152-1163 North Korean, 532-534 North Vietnamese (see also PSYOP, Viet Cong), 403-407, 537-545, 1115-1119 in the Philippines, 73, 401-403, 440-454, 767-770 in Portuguese Guinea, 1130-1141 role of in military, 67-74 South African, 1122-1130 South Vietnamese, 460-465 Soviet, 8-9, 41-43, 346-353, 672, 676-678, 711-713, 1029-1050, 1090-1105 directed toward the PRC, 1100-1105 and ideology, 1090-1100 by Special Forces in S.E. Asia, 337-340 strategic, 362-400 strategic and tactical, 420-471 tactical, 400-420 use of force and, 422-424 U.S. in general, 27, 49, 151–153, 720-721 deficiencies of, 11-12, 113-114, 684-687 future of, 12, 732-735 Soviet view of, 823-829 Viet Cong (see also PSYOP, North Vietnamese), 131-132, 150-152, 345, 397-400, 536- Viet Minh, 253, 398 in Vietnam, 130–132, 134–144, 150–154, 220228, 397–400, 403411, 413416, 684–687, location of PSYOP units in, 224 (map) organization of, 220-225, 222 (fig.), 246–248 in World War I, 4-5, 14(n9), 68, 673 in World War II, 5-6, 83, 672-673, 678-679, 763-765 PSYOP community: See PSYOP organization; national security system PSYOP country plans: 133 PSYOP cycle: 137-144 PSYOP Division (in International and Civil Affairs Directorate of ODCSOPS): 84 PSYOP doctrine: 1-2, 6-8, 10 for the 1970s, 11-13 PSYOP effectiveness: 777-1026 criteria of, 492-493, 778-784, 898-899 importance of audience predisposition to, 985-996 letters from listeners as a measure of, 976-979 interviews, 490-491, 972-975 surveys, 488-490, 957-972 pre-testing for, 139, 487-491, 690-693, 781-782, 1003-1011 by means of informal media testing, 491 panels, 490, 988-995 survey, 488-490, 957-972 use of POWs in evaluation, 780-781 PSYOP framework at national level (see also PSYOP organization): 85-101 PSYOP information sources: See PSYOP intelligence sources PSYOP intelligence: and research, 138 in Vietnam, 138 PSYOP intelligence methods (see also content analysis): 571-608 direct observation, 587-590 interviewing, 590-594 intuition, 585-587 sampling, 594-606 PSYOP intelligence sources: 510-570, 572-584 methods for exploiting, 572-584 PSYOP and nationbuilding: See nationbuilding PSYOP objectives, situational variables in: 440-454 PSYOP organization (see also PSYOP framework at national level; PSYOP, in Vietnam, organization of): 81-101, 177-266 civilian, 81-85 definition of in-country, 177 headquarters-field coordination, 247-266 for in/country communication, 219-247 interface between civilian and military, 10-11, 81-101, 225-232 for international communication, 177-219 military, 81-85, 132, 137-144, 181-185 PSYOP personnel: 269-358 characteristics of an effective PSYOP officer, 272-282, 299-305 cross-cultural relationships, 282-305 professionalism, 271-272 PSYOP policy: democratic style, 132–133 and national policy, 122-133, 262-266, 362-370 385 planning, 120-154, 129-130, 137-144 priorities in, 133-137 totalitarian style, 132-133 PSYOP-related personnel: 305-358 role of in international affairs, 155–156 role of in policymaking, 160-166 in the Far East, 553-570 published documents, use of in PSYOP: 583 compatibility of equipment, 139–140 role of international 831-832, 928-938, 985-996 effects of broadcasts to U.S., 985-996 use of in PSYOP, 676-678, 696, 700-701, 738, 761 in People's Republic of China, 29, 738 Soviet, 711-713, 1040, 1044-1046, 1100-1105 Radio Free Europe (RFE): 197-211, 382-386 Radio Peking: 545-547 Red Flag (Honggi): 195 reference group: 658-662 reference group theory: 886-897 reinforcement effect (of communication): 47, 49 reinforcement function (of communication): 27-28 residual effect: 1013 "Revoluntionary Development" (South Vietnam): 135 government-sponsored, 7 interviews, 590-594 sampling, 594-606 types of samples, 605 (table) social science and PSYOP, 609-648 Rockefeller, Vice President Nelson: 6, 81-82 Roosevelt, President Franklin D.: 162 Rowan, C. T.: 107-108, 225 Ruder & Finn: 193 rumor: 765-767, 771-773, 1037-1039, 1043-1045 RVNAF Political Warfare Department: 135 safe-conduct pass: 31, 49, 407-408, 669 samizdat: 830 Sarnoff, R. W.: 1089 satellites, communication: 930-931, 1089 SCAME formula: 784-789 Schramm, W.: 9, 29, 609, 1013 Scope: 1129 "seafloating" as a communication channel: 729 secondary group: 65-67 self-critique (self-criticism): 1035 self-images, national: 806-823 self-praise as PSYOP theme: 406 Senior Review Group (of NSC): 86-88 Shakespeare, F.: 115 Shils, E.: 49 "sleeper effect": 1017 slogans: 682-683, 1093-1094 Smithsonian Institution: 93-94 "socialism," misunderstanding of term: 667 social movements as PSYOP: 1152-1165 society and culture: 553-571 in the Far East, 553-571 relation to communication, 29 songs as a communication channel: 749-753 source analysis: 785-786, 789-835 example of Soviet, 823-829 relationship of source to a political hierarchy, 823-829 sampling technique in, 806-823 attributes, of sources, 790-805 South African Digest: 1129 South African Panorama: 1129 |