Capital. It is your duty, especially for your own good, to understand the real meaning of "capital" and "labor." Capital is not money on deposit in a bank and controlled and spent by the rich for their own benefit. Capital is at work every day in the year. Capital is the sum of raw and finished materials; machinery and tools placed to the use of the workingman; organization required to evolve a method, plans for putting it into effect; a system for carrying on all the details of set-up in the factory; employment of labor, invention, research, markets, advertising, selling, credits, discounts; and if profit has been made, a division of profits with perhaps thousands of stockholders, whose confidence in the enterprise and the honor and integrity of the management has caused them to furnish the money from their savings-all this is capital.

Labor.-Labor is no longer considered as a commodity. It is decidedly human. It is you and I, going about our chosen vocation in life, whether that be as a banker, a lawyer, a ditch digger, a teacher, a motorman, an aviator, a farmer, a toolmaker, a preacher, or any other of the 20,000 listed occupations of the employed of America.

Labor is a worker, contributing his or her part to the welfare of society. We have learned a great deal about the humanity of labor, and in this knowledge are finding the way to work as a partner with capital, sharing more and more in management and profits as well as in manual labor; using the machinery, paid for by capital, to the enrichment of all. It is your duty to fully understand and cooperate in this new adjustment.

Agriculture and industry.-A way will be found to adjust all differences between agriculture and industry, for it is as much to the interest of one as to the other that wealth and prosperity be equally distributed in order that industry may have a larger market and agriculture a better price through the greater buying power of a larger number of people.

The adjustment must come through new methods in production and selling, possibly through a measure of temporary assistance. This is not so important as to find a ground of mutual understanding and confidence which will make adjustment possible on an equitable basis. That understanding can not be accomplished by accrediting dishonest motives and methods to labor or ignorance to the man from the country. Every citizen must find time to inform himself on this subject of such vital importance to our economic life.

(d) Political responsibility-New materials and new markets.— In the question of raw materials and new markets, politics plays an equal part with economics. The United States is happily situated in that her agriculture and industry are so nearly balanced as to make her an almost self-sustaining nation. Her imports are largely

raw materials and luxuries. Her exports are small by comparison with home consumption. American is therefore the creditor nation of the world. Her wealth is increasing by billions of dollars with each passing year. Her excess money is being deposited in banks and with insurance companies by wage earners and business men in small sums, totaling billions of dollars, and in turn invested in foreign loans and foreign enterprises.

Thus is established a community of interests which involve American capital, labor, industry, wage earners, business men, bankers, insurance companies, and all other interests, with foreign countries in all subjects affecting mutual economic and political relations.

World responsibility.-The world is busy trying to adjust itself to a new order. There are millions of backward people who know little of what it is all about. Through the magic of modern communication they are made the prey of designing nations and their response may be to the destruction of civilization unless the enlightened people of the earth take upon themselves the great responsibility of leadership in the spirit of tolerance and understanding. In this American citizens must set the example and lead the way.

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What is the first obligation of an American citizen?

The first and paramount duty of every citizen is to have a firsthand knowledge of the great charters of American freedom-the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. He should learn the clear provisions of our great fundamental law concerning our rights and duties.

2. What other political responsibilities rest upon every citizen? Vote honestly and intelligently.

Render jury service.

Impartial enforcement of honest election laws.

Support the courts and all duly constituted authority.

Bear share of burdens of taxation.

Respect the rights of others.

Uphold the Government and the Constitution.

Render service in defense of the Nation.

3. How has personal responsibility in times of national emergency been met?

In every national emergency the people have produced their leader-George Washington, Abraham Lincoln. When diplomacy has failed, as in the World War, the people have "volunteered."

4. Does personal responsibility require respect for and obedience to all of the provisions of the Constitution?

Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties imposed by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and alter their Constitution and Government. But the Constitution which at any time exists till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government.—George Washington.

5. How does individual ability affect individual responsibility? While "responsibilities gravitate to the man who can shoulder them and power flows to the man who knows how," "the recognition of the inequality of ability and equality of moral obligation is what makes individualism so distasteful to the defective."

6. Why does public opinion attain such high standard?

Public opinion reaches an uncommonly high level because every citizen feels called upon to express his own judgment in community and national affairs, and to work for the betterment of his town, county, State, and country.

7. Does "State responsibility" diminish the sense of "individual responsibility"?

"State responsibility" destroys self-respect, ambition, national character. It demands "State control" which deprives the individual citizen of his personal liberties.

8. How seriously did the signers of the Declaration of Independence assume their personal responsibilities?

The closing words of the Declaration of Independence reveal the seriousness with which they fulfilled their personal responsibility:

For the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

9. What should be the attitude of the observance of the law by every individual?

Every individual should observe and respect the law. It is no excuse to a person that if a certain law interferes with his personal habits, desires, or beliefs, he should disregard it. It is the will of the majority.

10. What are the duties of citizens in assisting the police in the enforcement of the law?

The law of the State of Illinois provides that every male person above the age of 18 must respond to the call of a police officer in securing and apprehending an offender, and provides a penalty for failure to do so. A good citizen will never hesitate to inform an officer of any criminal act of which he has knowledge, and to assist in apprehending a criminal and aid the officer in his prosecution. Under the laws of Illinois, a person who has knowledge of a crime and conceals it is also a criminal.

11. Is an inferior employee an asset or a detriment?

An inferior employee is a losing proposition at any rate of wages. 12. What makes an employee inferior?

Lack of education.

No vision.

Without mental balance.

No pride.

Inferiority complex.

No ambition.

Bad habits.

Bad associates.

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY THE STUDENT IN WRITING

1. State what you believe to be your greatest responsibility to your country.

2. What is your responsibility in reference to the molding of public opinion?

3. What is the relation existing between our economic life and our citizenship?

4. Is the individual citizen bound to observe and aid in the enforcement of law? Discuss.

35. LESSON 11.-Self-preservation

(a) Introduction: "Self-preservation the first law of nature"; protection against brute force-steps of progression: Individuals, groups, tribes, small states, nations.

(b) Refinements of modern civilization: Value of life; advance in medical science; health, sanitation, hygiene, housing, recreation, public parks-improved industrial conditions; insurance: Life, accident, health; pensions.

(c) Property rights": Possession by force; "Might makes right "-Feudal systems-States versus individual-Written law defining ownership-Protection of accumulated property: Banking laws, labor laws, trade laws (domestic, foreign); restricted taxation, property tax, income tax, "Without due process of law "-Property loss protected; United States departments: Agriculture, Commerce, War (rivers and harbors)-Fire regulations-Insurance.

(d) National defense, the bulwark of self-preservation-National defense act an insurance policy covering American life and property-Provisions of the policy: Regular Army, National Guard, Organized Reserves, R. O. T. C., C. M. T. C., unorganized militia-Purpose of act: Defensive not offensive. (e) World trade and foreign relations.

(f) Surrendered right of self-protection assumed by Government; your part: Training, cooperation, self-sacrifice" The will to win, the strength to endure, the courage to die."

Introduction, self-preservation the first law of nature.-Every form of life witnesses the struggle for existence against the forces of nature and the cunning of mankind. In proof of this it is not necessary to hark back to days of savagery, for men are still savages at heart when confronted by danger or a force which threatens life

or property. Possessed at first with slight intelligence, his reliance was upon his physical powers; brutal in quality, they were necessary to the preservation of life.

By the successive steps of groups, tribes, small states, and nations, mankind evolved better means of protection, cultivated intelligence, developed habits, customs, and laws which in measure abridged the need of physical force. Each stage of advancement is marked by some progress in intellectual development, and with it has come a growing appreciation of the worth of humanity.

Refinements of modern civilization-Value of Life.-Little value was placed upon human life in the earlier civilizations. A dominant few enslaved the many. The vainglory of masters, petty jealousies of feudal lords, ambition of kings, were all combined in the brewing of wars, paid in the blood of human pawns. In time the light of knowledge dispelled the gloom of ignorance. Men came to demand a reason for their sacrifice. With reason playing an increasing part in human affairs way was found to compose many of the differences and war was left as the final, rather than the first, step in settlement of disputes.

Progress was made in science. Superstition gave way to knowledge. Physicians acquired a better understanding of human structure and how best to protect health and prolong life. With broader vision, greater opportunities, larger rewards, mankind grew in appreciation of the value of life. Medical science found the way to prevent diseases as well as better means of curing sickness. We are adopting the practice of the Chinese in paying the doctor to keep us well.

Health can be protected, life prolonged, strength for greater accomplishments assured through observing the rules of sanitation and hygiene. We have learned the value of cleanliness as one of the means of self-preservation. Millions of dollars are donated to research work, seeking the means of cure and prevention of contagious diseases. Hospitals and nurseries are builded and endowed to insure the health of mother and new-born child; our public schools teach the proper care of the body, the use of soap and toothbrush; our housing and factory conditions are a matter of careful regulation and supervision.

The vacuum cleaner, washing machine, and bathroom with all its modern conveniences are indispensable to every intelligent and wellregulated household. Fresh air in congested communities is necessary to good health. Taxes are levied and cheerfully paid in the establishment of parks and recreational centers. Through all such means health is improved and the average life has been astonishingly lengthened.

Insurance companies collect millions of dollars in premiums each. year as mankind comes to a better understanding and appreciation