of the worth of life. Factories are equipped with safety devices. Grade crossings are guarded. Traffic regulations are enforced as further guaranties to self-preservation.

Property rights.-The rule that "Might makes right" is rapidly being discarded. America took the first great step among the nations in establishing individual rights as paramount to all government. The days of master and slave are passed, save among a few of the most backward peoples. Kingdoms are giving way to democracies or republics, and subjects are becoming citizens in the light of greater knowledge of human relationships.

As has been stated, "Property is at the base of civilization." Men work for that which they may retain as their own. Men seek every means of protection of those whom they love and that which they rightfully possess. To insure these two great objects of selfpreservation-life and property-America has written into her Constitution as the fundamental law of the land absolute guaranties of protection to person and property. In no other country is life and property so hedged about with protective laws, all securing the inalienable rights of the individual citizen.

Self-preservation and self-determination are the dominant chords in America's song of freedom. We, the people, formed a Government that these rights might be established. We bound that Government in writing to fixed channels, and we reserved the right for all time to discharge any and all governmental servants who infringed upon the written will of the people. By the wisdom of our Constitution we have been able to control and direct corporations, capital, and labor. Mighty as is their power, they must not infringe the rights of any private citizen. Nor must the individual infringe the rights of another. There is no lasting benefit derived where advantage is not just and equal. Self-preservation for every citizen is guaranteed by the Constitution and guarded by the Supreme Court of the United States of America.

National defense the bulwark of self-preservation. That which preserves our rights has the right to be preserved. The Declaration of Independence was "a scrap of paper" until it was made immortal by the blood and sacrifice of our patriotic ancestors. The misery of Valley Forge, the courage of Washington, the victory of Yorktown have written this great document into the hearts of liberty-loving people.

The Constitution of the United States remains in force to-day through the will of the people who enjoy its benefits. When adopted America was a wilderness. Her population of some 3,000,000 souls, carried on their limited occupations and trade within an area restricted practically to the Atlantic coast.

47817-27-8

By the liberties granted, with free lands and unrestricted opportunity, the Colonials and pioneers searched out and conquered the wilderness, converting it into a land of fertile fields, great industries, and contented homes, an achievement of little more than 100 years, which would thrill the heart of every citizen.

Freedom is not a gift. It has been bought and paid for in the sacrifices of peace and with human blood in war. Freedom is laid in long hours of toil, the swing of the ax in the forest, the campfire of the lonely pioneer, the sod house of the early settler, the community stockade, and the frontier Army post. Freedom has traveled a long, hard road. None but the strong and courageous have possessed it, and by none others can it be retained.

America has never fought a war of aggression. She has always endeavored to maintain paceful relations with other nations. Yet practically every generation has been compelled to take up arms in defense of the Nation or the principles set forth in her Constitution.

From the inception of our Government we have fought the idea of militarism. So determined were the Colonials to keep clear of any possible military dominance that they put a positive check upon such control in the provision that money for maintaining the Military Establishment could not be appropriated for a period longer than two years, thereby placing in the hands of each succeeding Congress the power of control through holding the purse strings of the Nation.

Prior to the national defense act of 1916 it was left to the States to provide an organized militia adequate in numbers, equipment, and training to police the State in time of riot or insurrection, and to be called by the National Government in time of war with another country. The forces thus provided were presumed to be sufficient for defense with the addition of a small standing army.

With our growth in population, wealth, and standing among the nations, we found from past experiences that lack of adequate preparation in the time of peace was the most certain way to encourage attack from another nation, and at the same time the most costly. The rush of preparation, lack of trained personnel, lack of materials or means of manufacture plus the immediate danger to our national existence, created all the elements required for hasty, foolish, and extravagant expenditure of money with the lowest degree of return upon the investment.

Wars were begun that in several instances would never have been declared had we been prepared. Wars were prolonged through lack of materials, and trained men to carry them rapidly forward to a successful issue. Health and lives were lost through inadequate medical and hospital facilities. Hardships were suffered by lack of supplies. The security of the Nation was endangered for lack of

arms and munitions, and tens of thousands of lives have been unnecessarily sacrificed because there was no time for adequate training nor a sufficient number of trained soldiers and officers to give instruction or assume command.

Not one in a thousand who criticizes the present military policy of the United States has ever taken the trouble to ascertain the real facts that lie back of the act of 1916 as modified in 1920. The senseless waste of money and materials, the disruption of industry, with attending losses to capital and labor, and the criminal sacrifice of the best of American manhood because of our lack of preparedness is back of this act as a reason for its creation.

Along with these facts are others of equal weight. The World War was and all wars of the future will be wars of science, chemistry, and machines. Men were needed to use these materials. Education, skill, technique, were even more necessary than loyalty and willingness to serve. A million men springing to arms overnight would evidence patriotism, but a million untrained patriots in this advanced day of scientific warfare would serve no better purpose than fodder for enemy cannon.

Leadership in armies is just as hard to develop as leadership in business. What industry could hope for success without organization, leadership, and trained operatives? In fact, the methods that insure success in the one are applicable to the other. Fifteen out of every hundred find the means of setting up business and giving employment to the other 85. In other words, one out of six or seven possesses sufficient initiative and self-reliance to find a job for himself and the other five or six. In the army formation one out of eight is qualified to assume the lowest rank of command, a corporal. It is not easy to pick a good corporal, and in picking his superiors the task grows harder the higher the officer ranks. Military training is aimed at the mark of producing leaders. The more competent they are the higher position they are sure to attain.

So valuable is this training that the officers of our Regular Army are constantly invited to resign and accept positions of grave responsibility with much larger pay as an evidence of the worth the business world places upon Army training. This is in a comparative measure equally true of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and citizens' military training camp student.

Business invariably gives preference to the young man with military and leadership training. Many industries provide their young men with 30 days' vacation on pay for the purpose of attending a military camp, knowing they will return to their employment better equipped, better disciplined, and in every way much more valuable to themselves and their employer.

Under the national defense act of 1920 provision is made for the Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserves. The Regular Army now consists of approximately 118,000 enlisted men and some 11,500 officers. A large part of this force is used for garrison purposes at home and abroad. The balance of the force spends about eight months of the year in intensive preparations for the work required of them in summer training camps and with Reserve Officers' Training Corps units in high schools and colleges. Officers and men of the Regular Army are qualified to impart physical, mental, and moral training of the highest character. The very nature of their work makes them specialists in this field. No business or profession demands stronger character and ability. No group is more carefully disciplined, and nowhere will be found greater loyalty and honor. To train with and serve under the officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army is to be afforded an opportunity for personal betterment which any wide-awake young American should be eager to accept.

The National Guard in time of peace is under the command of officers appointed by the Governor of the State; their training and administration supervised by Regular Army officers appointed for that purpose. In time of war the guard is called immediately into national service to work with the Regular Army as the first line of defense while the reserve forces are being organized and equipped. Each reserve unit is now organized with its.officers and a few enlisted specialists. In time of war these units would assemble at points designated, there to be equipped and entrained for the training camp. Every Reserve Officers' Training Corps and citizens' military training camp student qualified for leadership would have opportunity offered, and, if commissioned the reserves, would be required to report to his proper station on the designated day.

All other able-bodied citizens of the United States between the ages of 18 and 45 are also subject to such call. There is no way to evade such service under the law of our land except that a man is willing to become a traitor to his country. Even "conscientious objectors may be called by the President for service with noncombat units and assigned to such details as road making, factory employment, and other occupations which will keep them out of the actual theater of operations.

The military policy of the United States is defensive, not offensive. America will only go to war in defense of the Nation and the principles for which it stands. No other nation needs to maintain a ship or soldier as protection against a war of aggression on the part of the United States. We desire the territory of no other people. We seek only self-preservation and the privilege of self-determination in peace with all the peoples of the earth.

SELF-PRESERVATION

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. How has the rapidly increasing complexities of modern civilization benefited the people?

The sense of personal responsibility increases with the advancement of civilization. Not only have desires and wants multiplied, but with the advance of physical science there is also a quickened moral sentiment and spirit of philanthropic sympathy; an increasing recognition of the responsibility of each man for his fellow citizen. 2. What are some of the baneful influences of pacifism?

Pacifism promotes distrust of country, debasement of the spirit of nationalism, is destructive of patriotism, undermines the policy of national defense, and creates the spirit of compromise with the movements that are endeavoring to undermine our Government.

3. Is military training beneficial to the youth of America? Military training is not militaristic. It builds men physically, morally, and intellectually, and inculcates obedience, self-control, leadership, and loyalty.

4. What is America's first line of defense?

The State Department. By the means of arbitration and treaties it endeavors to settle international disputes. It is only after such methods have failed that the United States enters into war to enforce or protect its principles.

5. How did coordinated action affect the United States during the World War?

A great common purpose released national energy, inspired forgetfulness of personal interests, caused men to sacrifice personal ambitions, and to work without limit for the achievement of a common objective.

6. Name the three moral factors essential to victory.

The will to win.

The strength to endure.

The courage to die.

7. What provision for national defense is contained in the Constitution?

The preamble of the Constitution states that one reason for its establishment was "to provide for the common defense "-assigning that duty to the Federal Government.

8. Who make war?

The people, through their Representatives in Congress, declare war. The task of carrying on the struggle devolves on the Army and Navy.

9. How can we best provide for the peace and security of our Nation?