The Athenian idea of citizenship was philosophical rather than practical. It was left to the Romans, in succeeding centuries, to develop the more practical phases of citizenship, i. e., safety of the Republic, public service, stern simplicity, devotion to duty.

Above all other duties and obligations was placed that of unselfish duty to the State. It was this Roman virtue of loyalty to public duty, this devotion on the part of the citizen to the interest of the State, that, more than any other quality of the Roman character, helped to make Rome great.

Roman citizenship was confined to a privileged class, native or adopted.

In the Anglo-Saxon races there was slowly developed the idea and ideals of self-government and of individual worth, as compared to the earlier Greek and Roman domination of the State over the individual.

Out of these experiments in government and human relations there has been evolved the ideals and principles of American citizenship. Source of American citizenship.-The source of American citizenship is found in the Constitution and subsequent Federal enactments. Qualifications of American citizenship.-American citizenship is acquired in three ways:

By revolution.
By birth.

By naturalization.

Revolution.-For 150 years following the first settlement of the American Colonies their inhabitants were citizens and subjects of Great Britain.

With the successful conclusion of the Revolutionary War, terminating with the treaty of peace, 1783, all persons born in the United States before the Declaration of Independence were regarded as American citizens.

Birth. By the civil rights act of 1866 it was provided that

All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are declared to be citizens of the United States. By the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

It has been decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that the children of domiciled aliens born in the United States are citizens under the fourteenth amendment. This is also true of the children of alien parents ineligible to citizenship through naturalization.

Naturalization.-Under the Articles of Confederation the power of naturalization was in the States, thereby creating confusion through the lack of uniformity in conferring citizenship.

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The Constitution has accordingly, with great propriety

authorized the General Government to establish a uniform rule of naturalization throughout the United States.-Madison. Constitution, Art. I, sec, 8, par. 4, Fourteenth amendment, naturalization laws.

The authority for American citizenship is to be found in the Constitution and Federal laws.

Under the Constitution two methods of naturalization have grown

up:

(1) By the general act of Congress conferring citizenship upon a whole class of persons, such as tribes of Indians, and the inhabitants of a new territory, like Hawaii, acquired by the United States.

(2) The general and more usual method as prescribed by the Revised Statutes, which requires the fulfillment of certain conditions before final admission into citizenship:

R. S. 381. Oath renouncing foreign allegiance and to support Constitution and laws. He shall, before he is admitted to citizenship, declare on oath in open court that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty, and particularly by name to the prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject; that he will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and bear true faith and allegiance to the same.-June 29, 1906, ch. 3592, sec. 4, 34 Stat. 596.

R. S. 382. Evidence of residence, character and attachment to principles of Constitution; evidence of witnesses.-It shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court admitting any alien to citizenship that immediately preceding the date of his application he has resided continuously within the United States, five years at least, and within the State or Territory where such court is at the time held one year at least, and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. In addition to the oath of the applicant, the testimony of at least two witnesses, citizens of the United States, as to the facts of residence, moral character, and attachment to the principles of the Constitution shall be required, and the name, place of residence, and occupation of each witness shall be set forth in the record.— June 29, 1906, ch. 3592, sec. 4, 34 Stat. 596.

Dual citizenship.-The Supreme Court declares that there are two kinds of citizenship, State and National.

Citizens of the United States residing in any State enjoy the rights of both State and United States citizenship.

In the protection thereof we look to the National Government if the source of such rights lies in the Constitution and laws of the United States; and to the State government if such rights are based upon the constitution and laws of the State.

Dual citizenship does not imply a divided allegiance. While a State commands allegiance of its citizens and may punish them for treason against it, the paramount allegiance is to the Union.

Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.-Webster.

No dual allegiance.

There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag, and this excludes the red flag, which symbolizes all wars against liberty and civilization, just as much as it excludes any foreign flag of a nation to which we are hostile.

We have room for one soul loyalty and that is loyalty to the American people.Roosevelt.

Guaranties as to person and property.—The United States is composed of 48 sovereign States, each State having its individual constitution and laws. Yet no State can discriminate against the rights and privileges of the citizen of any other State as to person or property. Among the guaranties are the joint rights to interstate commerce, communication and transportation, public utilities, freedom of residence, and choice of occupation.

In like manner the Federal Government provides care and protection on the high seas or abroad through passport privileges and international law.

American citizenship guarantees-
Free education.

Unlimited opportunity.

Unrestricted possession of property.

Obligations of citizenship.-Active citizenship is gained only by becoming an enfranchised citizen of a State. This carries with it the obligation of a clear understanding of the principles of government and the courage to demand that these principles be not abridged. Andrew Jackson said that every good citizen makes his country's honor his own, and not only cherishes it as precious, but sacred. Lincoln declared: "I must stand by anybody that stands right; stand with him while he is right; and part with him when he is wrong."

It is essential that the individual citizen

Exercise his right of franchise-vote-as his paramount duty at all elections.

Uphold the Constitution as the one assurance of the security and perpetuation of the free institutions of America.

Practice self-government to assure good government for all.
Respect the rights of others, to assure the enjoyment of his own.
Obey the law as the first essential to law enforcement.
Place service to country above service to self.

Conform his conduct to the best interests of society.

As an American citizen your privileges and opportunities are limited only by your ability and restricted by your habits.

It is your obligation to exercise

Care in your choice of occupation.

Diligence in preparation for your task.
Thrift to insure advancement and prosperity.

Judgment in selection of companions.

Integrity, honor, initiative, self-reliance, self-control.

The future.-A republic is the culmination of civilized government. The mission of America is to demonstrate that a people can govern themselves, and in that governing, insure to themselves life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

The principles, ideals, and traditions of the past are the foundations upon which the American citizen of to-day builds for the future. The future of the Republic depends upon the character of its citizens. The preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model of government are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as finally, staked on the experiment intrusted to the hands of the American people.— Washington's First Inaugural.

The future of the United States is a struggle between two kinds of forces

One beneficent, trying to speed the Nation to greater achievements and security.

One malign, seeking to retard its progress.

The hope of the world is summed up in the American experiment of government.

The last hope of mankind rests with us; and if it should be proclaimed that our example had become an argument against the experiment, the knell of popular liberty would be sounded throughout the earth.-Webster.

We are advancing toward a new leadership among the peoples of the earth, which must be promoted not by our power to take, but by our power to bestow.President Coolidge.

I am an American.-"I am an American" is a challenge to the highest ideals and aspirations of mankind; to self-sacrifice and devotion; to loyalty and patriotism; to joyful work and courageous achievement; to magnanimity and charity to all and malice to none; as we seek to uphold and perpetuate the principles of our great Republic.

I live an American; I shall die an American; and I intend to perform the duties incumbent upon me in that character to the end of my career. I mean to do this with absolute disregard of personal consequences. What are the personal consequences? What is the individual man, with all the good or evil which may betide him, in comparison with the good or evil which may befall a great country, and in the midst of great transactions which concern that country's fate? Let the consequences be what they will, I am careless. No man can suffer too much, no man fall too soon, if he suffer, or if he fall in the defense of the liberties and Constitution of his country.-Daniel Webster.

In the days of the Caesars "I am a Roman citizen" was a proud exultant declaration. It was protection. It was more-it was honor and glory. Twenty centuries of advancing civilization have given to the declaration "I am an American" a higher and nobler place. It stands to-day in the forefront of earthly

titles. It proclaims a sharing in the greatest opportunities. It is a trumpet call to the highest fidelity. It is the diploma of the world, the highest which humanity has to bestow.-Judge Brewer of the Supreme Court.

AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Who has power over immigration and naturalization?

Congress.

2. To what examination is the immigrant subjected on his arrival? Physical and mental examination on arrival are made by medical officers of the Public Health Service.

3. What classes of persons are excluded from the United States by the immigration act?

Idiots.
Insane.

Epileptics.

Paupers and persons likely to become a public charge.

Professional beggars.

Persons suffering from tuberculosis or other dangerous or loathsome contagious diseases.

Persons physically or mentally so defective as to be unable to make a living.

Persons convicted of a crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude.

Polygamists.

Anarchists.

Women or girls imported for immoral purposes and persons aiding in their importation.

Contract laborers-that is, those induced to migrate by offers or promise of employment or by agreement, except artists and professional men.

Children under 16 years of age unaccompanied by their parents. Chinese and persons of Chinese descent, except students, merchants, and professional men, or employees who accompany exhibits to any exposition given within the United States.

4. What disposition is made of aliens belonging to the restricted classes?

All aliens brought into the country in violation of the law, are, if possible, immediately sent back to the country whence they came, on the vessel bringing them, at the expense of the vessel owners.

There is also a heavy fine upon the transportation company or vessel owner for unlawfully introducing immigrants into the United States.

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