5. To whom is the execution of the immigration laws intrusted? To the Commissioner General of Immigration, who appoints, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Labor, a number of commissioners at the various seaports of the United States, together with inspectors, investigators, and other employees.

6. What was the immigration to America by census returns of 1900, 1910, and 1920?

1900-3,687,564.

1910-8,795,386.

1920-5,735,811.

7. What did Congress do to limit immigration?

Passed the immigration restriction act of 1923.

8. Why did Congress put a restriction on immigration?

Because of the great influx of nonassimilable people; rapid increase in the population that tended to lower American standards of living, and to better develop a homogeneous body politic.

9. Under the law what is the present quota governing immigration? July 1, 1924. The annual quota from each country until July 1, 1927, is 2 per cent of the number of persons born in that country who were residents of continental United States as shown by the 1890 census; but the minimum quota is 100.

The quota for the year 1928 will be based on a total immigration of 150,000.

10. Who has power over the rights of suffrage?

The States determine who may vote at both its own and national elections. (Constitution, Art. I, sec. 8, par. 4, 14th and 15th amendments.)

11. What constitutes public opinion?

The mind and conscience of the whole Nation, without respect to sectional or partisan alliances.

12. What is the influence of public opinion in America?

It is the ultimate force of government.

13. Why should every citizen vote?

Voting is the only means provided under the Constitution for the exercise of the will of the citizen in the protection of his rights. 14. Why is the American citizen an outstanding character? He is a free man.

Educated in free schools.

Exercises a free conscience.

Maintains a free government.

15. What is the purpose of America?

"To work out the problems of a more perfect relationship among mankind, that government and society might be brought into harmony with reason and with conscience."-President Coolidge.

16. Why ought an alien become a citizen?

That he may vote and hold office and in all ways take an active part in developing, building, and maintaining the Governmentnational and local-that protects him.

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY EACH STUDENT IN WRITING

1. What is the source of our citizenship; how is it protected? 2. State some of the advantages of American citizenship.

3. Name at least three obligations of your citizenship.

4. What is the difference between dual citizenship and dual allegiance?

26. LESSON 2.-Interdependent Relationships

Introduction: Relationships defined-mutual, community, national, inter

national.

Beneficial to person and property, production, peace.

Cosmopolitan character of population the great American problem.

Interdependent relationships defined.-Interdependent relationships are evolved from the instinct of human beings for social intercourse, for protection of person and property, and for advantages to be gained through organized society.

Civilization had its beginning in the establishment of the family, then in the grouping of families, tribes, states, and nations.

Through these various stages there was developed a crude order of society based primarily upon the will of an outstanding individual with power to enforce that will by control of physical forces and the means of livelihood. Thus was established the basis of society, imperfect in its form, inadequate in its results, yet containing the essential elements for refinement and progress, viz, social intercourse, protection, and advantages.

The value of this relationship has been proved by experience to rest in its reciprocal qualities. "No man liveth unto himself" is a statement of fact increasingly emphasized with each advancing step in what we call modern civilization.

Mutual relationships.-In the beginning, lacking means of communication and transportation and confining efforts principally to the production of mere necessities of life, individuals and groups lived largely independently of each other.

With increasing wants, the result of enlightened intellect, with increasing facilities in transportation and communication, with development of ability for invention and improvement, independence gave way to interdependence to such a degree that to-day the welfare of every individual is woven into the fabric of modern society. Community relationships. If you destroy the dam builded by a colony of beavers, they set about its reconstruction, using the identical plan, method, and tools common to their species throughout all

generations. Animal intelligence contains no quality that enables improvement beyond the inherited abilities or instincts of its kind. Herein lies the marked distinction between the highest type of animal and the lowest type of human intelligence.

Man possesses the ability to criticize the accomplishments of the past, to improve and to develop. Upon this ability is predicated the past, present, and future of civilization. Out of this has grown community relationships established in ordered society upon the law of reason, supplanting the law of will, and ever increasing in its benefits to all, with the growing understanding of the rights and worth of the individual member of society.

In the development of her strength, wealth, and accomplishments America is founded upon the establishment of successive communities bound together individually and collectively, by interdependent relationships created and coordinated in home, school, church, and local self-government, expressed in town meetings in which each individual contributed his part to that greatest of all forces by which the character of the people of our nation is sustained and developedpublic opinion.

National relationships. In the development of our colonies the need of protection for person and property, of cooperation in the development of resources, of exchange of products and labor in the creation of comforts and wealth, of consolidated action in resisting oppression and establishing rights, created a national relationship binding communities and States in a federation designed for the welfare of all.

Grown now to a union of 48 States, working in a spirit of harmony and cooperation, restricted yet greatly benefited by our Constitution and statutes, we have come to be in point of wealth, attainment, and influence one of the outstanding nations of the world.

Under our Constitution the departments of government are set up for the express purpose of coordination and cooperation for the general welfare of the Nation.

The State Department is the "peace department" of our Government; by treaties and diplomatic negotiations beneficent relationships with foreign countries are secured and insured, establishing a spirit of accord and amity without which it would not be possible to carry on our part in world affairs to the good of all concerned.

International relationships.—In their development which have been in accord with the principles of interdependent relationships, international relationships, have come to the place where they must assume a larger responsibility and accept a more active part in world affairs.

Due to the remarkable progress of civilization, isolation is no longer possible. International problems developing from ever-changing

economic and political conditions, demand consideration and application of the principles of interdependent relationships as the means of securing the general welfare of mankind.

I demand that the Nation do its duty and accept the responsibility that must go with greatness.-Roosevelt.

Interdependent relationships beneficial to person and property.-The efficacy of our Constitution lies in the fact that it contains a statement of fundamental laws governing human relations, susceptible of such interpretation as to make them applicable to changing conditions.

Among the purposes set forth in the preamble to the Constitution are "domestic tranquillity" and "general welfare." The accomplishment of these purposes is based upon observance of the principles of interdependent relationships.

The security of person and property are first established in the inherent rights of mankind, guarded and guided by statutory laws, uniform in their restrictions and benefits, so that every citizen is fully protected in his rights.

Uniform laws are valuable in their benefits in proportion to uniform acceptance and observance. Can a man enjoy complete personal liberty? Can a man do as he pleases? He can, provided he is not a member of organized society. To attempt such action as a citizen, constitutes him an outlaw in such ratio as his independence interferes with the rights of others and breaks down the structure of government. All crime is, ignorantly or wilfully, a violation of the principle of interdependent relationships.

Experience has revealed the necessity for united action to assure the greatest protection to the individual. Neither in person nor property will the individual find security without the assistance of his neighbor, community, State, and Nation. The higher the value we place upon human life and welfare, and the greater our accumulation of property, the more we must rely upon interdependent relationships, based upon justice and inspired by mutual confidence and reciprocal endeavor.

Interdependent relationships beneficial to production.-Industry is essentially the subjection of natural forces-the manipulation of natural material to the uses of mankind; it brings into action the worker, the engineer, the inventor, the organizer, the administrator, the combined energies of which are liberated and set in motion by finance.

Thrift is the foundation stone of effective economic interdependence. An individual must practice frugality, engage in hard work, and acquire the habit of so living within his means as to enable a saving of a portion of the product of his labor.

In industry wealth is the product of saving; it is the difference between the cost of production and the selling price; it is secured in part by the elimination of waste and the corresponding conservation of materials and labor practiced by both individuals and groups, and saving or the accumulation of capital is as much the duty of the employee as of the employer.

To derive the greatest value from interdependent relationship between employer and employee there must be created a spirit of good will and cooperation in which there is a recognition of mutual worth and mutual responsibility, necessary in every enterprise where the reward of success is to be apportioned with justice and equity. The atmosphere surrounding the relationship between management and men must eliminate fear, apprehension, and uncertainty. Only by the establishment of mutual understanding, confidence, and respect can effective cooperation and teamwork be secured. That employee renders best service who has an intelligent understanding of the relation of his part to the whole. Blind and reluctant obedience may be enforced, yet it is a hazardous and wasteful procedure. Bound together by the ties of common interest and mutual benefits, industry in her mighty achievements has advanced from

The crude hieroglyphic to the printed page;
The smoke signal of the Indian to the radio;
The tallow candle to the electric light;

The hollowed log canoe to the Leviathan;

The ox-drawn prairie schooner to the airplane;

All links of the chain that binds the past to the present, forged by the force of interdependent relationships.

We are a Nation of specialists because experience has taught us that greater benefits will accrue to one and all through each individual learning to do one thing well.

The physician looks after our health.
The teacher gives instruction.
The farmer grows the grain.

The lawyer attends to legal matters.

Others specialize in providing all the comforts and conveniences of home. No one citizen could build his own house, manufacture the plumbing equipment, generate the electricity, construct the heating plant, or provide the fuel for its operation. He could not pave the street, put in his own waterworks, provide police and fire protection, establish his own school, church, hospital, or theater. Individual necessities, comforts, and conveniences as now enjoyed are the product of accumulated capital and labor, represented in modern organization, transportation, great factories, distant farms, tropical plantations, the trappers of the frozen northlands, the fishermen of the seas, and delivered daily to our homes by an army of tradesmen