who administer to our wants and are in turn dependent upon us for their livelihood.

No better illustration of interdependence can be found than in the story of that all-necessary convenience, the telephone. It is difficult to imagine the diversified labor, the problems of transportation, the world-wide accumulation of materials and the tremendous outlay of capital required in the manufacture of this marvelous instrument which transmits and receives the human voice regardless of distance. Men toiling in the mica mines of India, in the platinum fields of the Ural Mountains, in the great forests of the Northwest, in the iron, copper, and lead mines and the great steel works of the United States, and in the forests and jungles of far-off Asia, Africa, and South America produce the materials that go into the making of your telephone and the exchange controls.

The following raw materials are used, gathered literally from the four corners of the world: Platinum, gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, steel, tin, lead, aluminum, nickel, brass, rubber, mica, silk, cotton, asphalt, shellac, paper, carbon.

With the assembly of raw materials, their fabrication in great factories into the completed instrument, there is added the work of organization and administration required in obtaining capital, franchises, building lines and conduits, installation of switchboards, and training personnel. Your telephone call to all points of the compass is made possible by these materials and the labor of nearly 400,000 employees in the United States alone.

Business, to insure success, must keep in closest touch with the ever changing affairs of social, economic, and political conditions. Vast sums of money are spent on new products, improved equipment, research laboratories, inventions, in creating new appetites and new markets.

The advent of the automobile established a number of allied industries, the products of which mount into hundreds of millions of dollars, affording employment and income to a very large percentage of our population; created a demand for hard roads; built cement factories, road-making machines, and tractors; increased taxes; affected the horse market-practically drove the horseshoer out of business.

Automobiles reduced the consumption of men's shoes by over onethird because riders in automobiles walked less; improved the doctor's business because constant riding reduced physical exercise and increased heart trouble and other ills. The slump in shoes affected the builders of shoe-making machinery, the farmers as growers of cattle, the tanners of leather. In turn, the shoe manufacturers were benefited by change in fashions which shortened skirts and made women's shoes more conspicuous, thereby creating a tremendous increase in styles, quality, and quantity of women's footwear.

General Motors has invested $20,000,000 in factory and equipment for the manufacture of electric refrigerators. They, together with other similar factories, are rapidly driving the natural ice business from the field.

Scientific farming expressed in plant study, fertilization, breeding and power equipment has not only increased the value of farm lands but added millions to railroad revenue.

The automobile, hard roads, telephone, radio are working rapid changes in urban and rural life, affecting town and city business, establishing better understanding and closer relationships in their daily intercourse.

A farmer in Kansas, a wage earner at the throttle of a locomotive, and a banker in Chicago could not move a pound of wheat without the army of persons in white collars operating the ever-growing machinery of organization and administration. The city man could not be fed nor the country man clothed without such relationships.

Inventions, discoveries, and eagerness of the buying public for change and innovation affect materially the interrelations of varied industries.

Notwithstanding the sovereignty of each of the 48 States composing our Union, no barriers are interposed as to residence, travel, trade or property rights among their citizens. With this freedom, known to no other group of states or nations of the earth, we have developed an interstate commerce of tremendous volume and worth.

Public utilities corporations build great hydroelectric plants in one State for distribution of power to many. Coal, copper, iron ore are mined and transported to places of greatest advantage to industry. Railroad, telegraph, and telephone companies invest billions of dollars in properties and conduct their affairs to the benefit and profit of the Nation. Great dams are constructed and the desert lands of many States made fruitful by the vast irrigation systems created. Capital is consolidated and labor employed, farms enriched, cities builded, and our citizens bound together in one cooperative, prosperous, happy union by the magic power of interdependent relationships.

Interdependent relationships beneficial to peace.-In America a degree of independence is developed out of which is born the idea in the minds of many, that a citizen of the United States may be a law unto himself, retaining however, the disposition to regulate the other fellow. If he does not like the law he seeks a way to evade it, at the same time shouting vociferously over the increase of crime and the lessened influence of our courts. He demands the highest wages obtainable and complains at the prices he must pay for the product of his fellow laborer. He insists upon his right to independence and liberty, yet is ever ready to restrict such action on the part of others.

That citizen who has not developed the spirit of cooperation, understanding and tolerance is at war with his fellow man.

Every American citizen must guard against the spirit of selfishness, the inordinate desire for material gain, the temptation to live beyond his means, and the tendency to find the easiest way to obtain the most in satisfying his constantly increasing wants.

Honesty-individual and collective-inspiring confidence, wherein there is neither room for trickery nor unfair practices, is the basis of the principle of interdependent relationships. Such honesty rests not so much upon legal rights as upon the Golden Rule.

Cosmopolitan character of population.-The United States in her philosophy of self-determination emphasizes the ideas and ideals of human rights and human associations. In the fulfillment of this policy she opened wide her gates to the peoples of the earth, inviting them to share with her the blessings of liberty.

In return for the opportunities and privileges established through her own sacrifices and paid for with the enormous exactions of treasure and human life, she expects-and has the right to demand that those who accept her hospitality shall respect her principles— that those who elect to live in the security and comfort of her homes and institutions shall give due honor and award full allegiance and shall in no instance, by choice or through ignorant acquiescence, seek to despoil the nest in which has been bred freedom, equality, and opportunity.

The immigrant to America is particularly favored under the laws of the United States, for whereas the native-born youth must live under the influence of our system of government, acquire his education and enlarge it through associations and experience for a full period of 21 years from his birth to his majority, it is possible for the immigrant (18 years or over), subject to certain restrictions relative to issue of first papers, regardless of his education, knowledge of our Government, or association and experience obtained through years of residence, to have granted to him the full privileges of citizenship five years after his arrival.

The cosmopolitan character of the population of America emphasizes the burden which rests upon every citizen to become fully informed in the underlying principles and ideals of our republican form of Government.

One of the greatest problems, if not the most important, the solution of which is largely in the hands of the coming generation, is the education, assimilation, and amalgamation of these various and numerous foreign groups into an understanding, harmonious, loyal, and upstanding American citizenship.

Class consciousness and class activity is the result largely of the intrusion of ideas of Government entirely outside of the fixed prin

ciples set forth in our Constitution and should be no more tolerated in our country than we would expect our principles, if introduced by expatriated Americans, to be accepted by another nation.

Because of the cosmopolitan nature of our population it is a common trait of our national character to entertain and adopt foreign opinion. We have the British, French, German, Italian, World Court, league, European point of view-yet nowhere in Europe is there, to that same degree, an American point of view.

While it is not the purpose to destroy the love for the fatherland, it is to the mutual interest of every citizen of our country to foster a love for and allegiance to the United States of America, leaving no place for divided sentiment when the welfare of the United States is in any measure endangered.

The immigrant is not all problem. He has been one of the outstanding assets in the development of America. Slowly, but surely, there is being assimilated and amalgamated in this country the bloods of practically all nations, in the development of a racial stock of exceptional worth in its vigor, ability, and character.

There are no more untapped racial reserves. To this and succeeding generations is given the opportunity to develop from our homogeneous character an outstanding race expressive of the highest principles, ideals, and traditions to which a God-loving, humanityloving, liberty-loving people can aspire. To accomplish this great work there must be a composition of all differences which tend to create class consciousness and class hatreds. Tolerance, born of knowledge, understanding, respect, sympathy, and harmony, engendered by the spirit of a common cause and purpose, are essential in the interpretation of the principles of interdependent relationships.

INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONS

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What caused the colonies to make a united effort?

The desire for independence caused the colonies to enter into an effective union. They engaged in a common enterprise in which all might profit. The reward was freedom; the penalty death. As Franklin said: "They would have to hang together or hang separately." Victory was the result of united effort.

2. What spirit was evidenced by the members of the Constitutional Convention?

By a series of wise compromises between the local State interests and the necessity of an efficient central government, the Constitution was finally adopted.

3. What is union?

Union is an active association for cooperative effort.

The union of good men is a basis on which the security of our internal peace and the stability of our Government may safely rest. It will always prove an adequate rampart against the vicious and disorderly.-Washington.

4. What is the value of coordinated action?

Coordinated group action has strength in so far as its members work together for the attainment of a common purpose.

5. What does successful teamwork require?
The subordination of self for the good of all.
6. What is the foundation of public opinion?
Education, understanding, communication.

7. What principal racial stocks have contributed to the life stream of America?

Over half the racial stock of America's 105,000,000 white inhabitants is of British blood. There are 1,500,000 foreign-born over 10 years of age who are unable to speak English; there are 3,000,000 Germans, Poles, and Austrians; 2,000,000 Slav and Latins; of the 95,000,000 whites in 1920, 14,000,000 have been born in 45 different countries and 23,000,000 were of foreign or half-foreign parentage. This foreign population supports over a thousand newspapers published in 30 different tongues.

8. In our complex civilization, can any individual live in complete independence?

Mankind is so created that they are dependent one upon the other. In our great industrial and social activities, each man has an army working for him-the doctor, machinist, farmer, grocer, miner, soldier, statesman, employer, employee, salesman, teacher, lawyer, preacher.

9. How did trade rivalry under the confederation separate the new States from each other?

Emphasis of State over National interests; one State lost its supply of cheap food, another its supply of cheap manufacturing material. Industry suffered from want of coal, factories for want of material, limited markets, economic barriers, no cooperation, exclusiveness.

10. How does interstate commerce make a more perfect union? Commerce among the States embraces navigation, intercourse, communication, traffic, the transit of persons, and the transmission of messages by telegram. Justice Harlan.

It touches the various interests of all the people. Its benefits and regulations are in the interest of public necessity.

It provides for a quick settlement of labor disputes. Control over interstate trade and transportation is lodged in the Federal Government.

11. How do railroads, postal service, telephones, and telegraph help to unite the Nation?

By an exchange of goods or information, so that each may know and profit by what others are doing.