While Mr. Komiyama focused most of his comments relating to international scientific cooperation on fusion, he did point out that there were negotiations already underway between the administrations of the two respective nations about the SSC. He stressed the fact that Japan might pick up one facet of the program, such as the magnets.

Comments by various Members of the DIET emphasized that the Japanese will be cautious about making entry into any major commitment to the SSC. They pointed out that the United States seemed to be slowing down in the space area, where the Japanese have a major interest.

Also it must be remembered that the Japanese are just completing their new accelerator, the TRISTAN, which has an energy of 30x30 Gev. With a few notable exceptions, the Japanese do not have a long history of activity in the high energy field and TRISTAN may represent the limit to which they will wish to go at this stage.

Dr. Hushimi pointed out that the Nobel Laureate, Abdus Salam, had changed the theme of his instructional programs for Third World students from high energy physics to condensed matter physics.

In sum, while many generalizations about international cooperation were voiced, the Japanese seemed to be cautious about expressing any concrete or specific desires about entering immediately into either major bilateral or multilateral cooperative programs.

Topic: TRANSFER OF JAPANESE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL LITERATURE

INTO ENGLISH

Mr.

Opening remarks were made by Mr. Masao Goto and Mr. Norman Mineta. Mineta's statement is included in Appendix B. Mr. Goto's statement centered on the activities of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) which is the central organization in Japan for information activities related to science and technology. JICST was established in August 1957, and is under the executive control of the Science and Technology Agency of the Prime Minister's Office. JICST collects, processes, and disseminates scientific and technological information. The publications and databases of JICST are the largest sources of technical information in Japan. The number of staff is approximately 328, and funding is derived from the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, which are authorized by the Council for Science and Technology.

In 1984, the Center collected 10,000 foreign and domestic journals; 12,500 technical reports; 50,000 patent applications; and 400 conference proceedings. Journal articles are abstracted by industry and university experts and entered in the JICST database called JOIS (JICST On-Line Information System). JOIS began service in April 1975 and now contains some 430,000 entries. The database is not yet available in the United States; however, an agreement is presently being negotiated with the National Technical Information Service of the Department of Commerce for access to the database. Mr. Goto said that JICST is presently translating approximately 150,000 citations into English, and that the citations are expected to be available by October, 1986. English abstracts of scientific papers should be available in another year. Other services offered by

JICST include the maintenance of a library, open to the public, which provides literature and patent search services on request; translation and copy services of JICST materials; and dissemination of information on special themes.

Future plans include participation in an international database network with the United States and Germany. The international network will be called STN International with a starting date some time in 1986. Mr. Goto said that the demand for the scientific and technical literature of Japan has increased dramatically in recent years. He noted the interest expressed by some Members of the U.S. Congress and that the Japanese Technical Literature Act of 1985 (S. 1073), introduced by Senators Baucus and Rockefeller, had passed the Senate in November 1985. He concluded his remarks by expressing a desire for international cooperation in scientific and technological issues.

Mr. Mineta noted that Japan has made substantial advances in science and technology in the past several decades, particularly in the areas of computers, semiconductors, fiber optics, biotechnology, and robotics, which is demonstrated by Japan's expanding bilateral balance in trade with the United States. From a deficit in 1968, Japan has moved to a record $35 billion international trade surplus, while the United States is experiencing a $140 billion international trade deficit. He further noted that part of Japan's economic success could be attributed to a national effort to collect, translate, and apply foreign scientific and technical information to meet its needs. He cited the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology within the Prime Minister's Office as an efficient well-coordinated networking system, and mentioned the fact that the United States does not have a similar coordinated effort on a national level. The need to improve U.S. access to Japanese scientific and technical literature was stressed, and that he and several of his colleagues from the Committee on Science and Technology had introduced legislation for that purpose. Mineta distributed copies of H.R. 3831, the Japanese Technical Literature Act of 1985, to the Members of the Japanese Diet, and explained that this ws the counterpart to the Senate bill, S. 1073, already mentioned by Mr. Goto. Mr. Mineta concluded by saying that he felt it was important for Japan and the United States to have a cooperative relationship, and that he hoped the meetings would continue to take us in that direction.

Topic: DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR PLANTS

Opening remarks were made by Mr. Lowery and Mr. Ogawa. remarks are included in Appendix B.

Mr. Lowery's

Mr.

Summary of Japanese Statement: Mr. Ogawa of the DSP mentioned his utility background and reemphasized the Japanese interest in the TMI program where they have 22 engineers involved as well as cost sharing to insure that they obtain the valuable data. He outlined Japanese decommissioning policy where land availablity dictates reuse after decommissioning which consists of sealing, shielding, and disassembling plant components. The first Japanese LWR began operation in 1966, thus they hope to develop decommissioning technology by the 1990's. The Japanese demonstration reactor (JPDR) experience has been useful in the sense that radioactive dosage was a problem and they have adopted the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) approach for future decommissioning. The sealing and shielding phase they expect will be 5 to 10 years with monitoring throughout and decommissioning costs for an 1100 MWe unit is estimated to be $150 million, or roughly 10% of the construction costs.

Highlights: Mr. Lowery asked the DIET members if they have considered plant life extension to 40 to 50 years, and Mr. Ogawa replied that given the costs, it is most desirable. However, they must develop several different techniques for life extension since they have essentially three reactor types 350, 600, and 1100 MWe, which have certain individual problems.

Mr. Ogawa inquired about the management of radioactive waste at
Shippingport, and Mr. Lowery noted that the plant components will be
entombed in concrete, whereas the high-level spent fuel has been shipped to
Idaho for examination and disposal.

Mr. Ogawa noted that low-level waste is a big problem, and although the U.S. defines what is waste versus spent fuel, the Japanese do not distinguish other than to note, "plutonium is for weapons". Mr. Ogawa said high-level waste is a big problem and it is not clear how it will ultimately be stored in Japan.

Mrs. Hayashi said that Japan has a "nuclear allergy" and it is difficult to explain aspects of nuclear power to the public. Low-level waste is a special problem and U.S. encapsulation of waste through glassification should be a model approach. There is a great sensitivity in Japan to U.S. public opinion, so they need as much data as possible from TMI and the 22 Japanese engineers involved there is only one dimension of the national interest in TMI cleanup.

Mr. Fuqua cited the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) of 1982 and the Committee on Science and Technology idea of a Test Facility employing the multiple barrier approach to waste isolation. He noted that nuclear waste is a political, not a technological problem, and the French approach is one Government model for handling the problem. Mrs. Lloyd mentioned the chief elements of the NWPA, including the 1998 initial operation date for a geological repository. She pointed out that the recent Oak Ridge Task Force Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) proposal, where progress on the MRS is tied-to repository progress, alleviates concerns that the MRS would serve as an alternative to the repository. She mentioned the French waste experience at Marcoule, and pointed out that our waste technology is not new, but that five years ago we had no national waste program.

Mr. Ogawa mentioned the 1985 OECD-IAEA decommissioning information exchange agreement and the useful workshop which was held under these auspices. He urged more specific exchanges with the U.S. in the context of the bilateral one being worked out with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). He mentioned the terrible Japanese nuclear weapon experience, but noted that the country must rely on civilian nuclear power. He asked about the U.S. reaction to the Kerr-McGee Uranium Hexafluoride UFO accident, and Mr. Fuqua pointed out that the accident was the result of a chemical leak caused by container overpressure and that the one death and multiple injuries were not due to radioactivity.

Mr. Lowery closed by asking about Japanese scientific interest in SDI, and Mr. Komiyama pointed out that the Japanese Constitution renounces war but that laser technology (part of SDI Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) research), such for the AVLIS process, is of interest. He said there is much negative feel ing about SDI in Japan.

Topic: URANIUM ENRICHMENT

Opening remarks were made by Mr. Hiranuma and Mrs. Lloyd. Mrs. Lloyd's remarks are included in Appendix B.

Summary of Japanese Statement: Mr. Hiranuma made the opening statement for the DIET group. He indicated that the centrifuge development pilot plant located in his constituency has a 150 ton SWU capability, whereas the Government target is to achieve 3000 ton SWU capability by 2005, corresponding to 30% of the projected domestic requirements at that time. The Japanese are working on AVLIS and molecular laser approaches also at JAERI and the Institute for Chemical and Physical Research. He noted that the U.S. revised enrichment strategy surprised the Japanese, although they recognize it is driven by business-like concerns, and they find the U.S. concentration on AVLIS development to be interesting.

Mr. Hiranuma confirmed that the Japanese do not plan to abandon the centrifuge technology but they are continuing a two-pronged approach. indicated he was looking forward to Mrs. Lloyd's statement to obtain a Congressional perspective on the U.S. Uranium Enrichment program.

He

Mrs. Lloyd applauded the Japanese for continuing centri ifuge development. After twenty years of research and development, Mr. Hiranuma said he was curious about the U.S. shifting away from centrifuge technology.

Mrs. Lloyd emphasized that the DOE goal for deployed AVLIS technology is as low as $60 per SWU. Mr. Fuqua said the U.S. decision was based on economics driven by the high cost of supporting two technology development programs and the decision was to use just two gaseous diffusion plants, chiefly for the short term.

Mr. Hiranuma discussed the activities at the centrifuge pilot plant but did not pursue the Japanese position on U.S. centrifuge technology as Mrs. Lloyd had requested.

Mrs. Lloyd emphasized that her primary goal is that the U.S. Uranium Enrichment enterprise be competitive worldwide and serve as a reliable supplier of services. She said we must remain aggressively involved in this business for the U.S. and other suppliers to compete.

Dr. Hushimi said that AVLIS had always been attractive to him from a nuclear physicist's point of view, but he wondered about nuclear proliferation problems.

Mrs. Lloyd said that we will insist on IAEA safeguards for enrichment activities.

Dr. Hushimi repeated the position of Japanese renunciation of nuclear weapons and their desire to abide by the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Mrs. Lloyd noted that nuclear power should contribute to both countries' national security and economic well-being, and together we should arrive at the best approach to non-proliferation which does not unduly restrict civilian nuclear commerce.

Mr. Komiyama noted that the technology sharing on laser-isotope separation goes back to the Tanaka/Nixon Summit agreement. He reminded the U.S. Members that the Japanese are interested in generic waivers on U.S. "prior" consent to send spent fuel to France so that the closure of their fuel cycle will be assured through reprocessing.

Mrs. Lloyd closed the discussion by raising the point that the economy of LWR reprocessing is in serious question at this time and she wonders what factors would motivate nations to adopt that fuel cycle approach.

Topic: COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE STATION

Opening remarks were provided by Mr. Fuqua and Mrs. Hayashi. Mr. Fuqua's remarks are included in Appendix B.

Summary of Japanese Statement: Mrs. Hayashi expressed gratitude for the general assistance the U.S. has provided to Japan in the development of its space program. She outlined the objectives of the Japanese participation In the Space Station as the desire for a national capability to perform microgravity materials science and life science research. She expressed the need to maintain involvement in space activities despite financial deficit in both the U.S. and Japan.

Mrs. Hayashi set forth two major issues that may be preconditions for Japan's continued involvement in the Space Station program. First, Japan must have assurances that the Space Station will be used only for peaceful purposes. Second, as a result of published reports of a potential delay in the Space Station due to budgetary problems, she requested clear affirmation that the U.S. was committed to undertaking the Phase C/D development and deploying the space hardware by 1992.

Mr. Fuqua, speaking on behalf of the delegation, noted that the Space Station has been an item of discussion in previous U.S. Japan discussions and would likely continue to be so. He characterized the Space Station as a worthy goal for cooperation not only as a benefit for international relations but also for the commercial and scientific capabilities it would offer to the participants.

In response to Mrs. Hayashi's concern for the U.S. budgetary commitment, Mr. Fuqua explained that the Gramm-Rudman deficit reduction legislation would certainly impact major programs such as the Space Station. He pointed out, however, that there was no particular significance in the previously established deployment date of 1992. Mr. Fuqua expressed his belief that a program stretchout would be necessary and prudent under the present budgetary constraints although this in no way should be interpreted as a lack of U.S. commitment. He concluded by explaining that based on the likely resources available, the U.S. would lay out a developmental plan which would serve as a basis for Japan's schedule.

With regard to the peaceful purposes of the Space Station, Mr. Fuqua confirmed that there is no planning for the Space Station that would conflict with its peaceful purposes. Mr. Packard added that language in the past NASA Authorization Acts has specifically prohibited the use of the Space Station for emplacement of nuclear weapons or any weapons of destruction. Commercial ization, he said, is a far more important U.S. objective.

Mr. Yaoi, speaking for the Diet, suggested that the U.S. intentions for
peaceful purposes be affirmed in a treaty. Mr. Fuqua reiterated that the
intended use of the Space Station would be for basic research. The use of
weapons in space, such as for the Strategic Defense Initiative would be a
major move and involve a substantial debate in Congress. No such proposal
has been made for the Space Station.

The session closed with a statement from Mrs. Hayashi regarding the
remaining Space Station bilateral issues such as operational costs and
intellectual property rights. These, she said, must be negotiated as part
of any bilateral agreement for Japan's participation in Phase C/D.
Topic: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO THE DEVELOPING NATIONS

Summary of Topic: Congressman Arima opened the discussion with the
observation that one of the basic factors in science and technology
transfer to the developing countries is that a domestic capability must be
established in the recipient country if success is to be achieved. It is
not enough to simply provide a category of technology without the
associated education, training and background that will enable the
developing country to assimilate, use, and build upon the technology.
In 1979 the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for
Development was held and it was confirmed that for the development of
society and its economy in the developing nations it is necessary to
strengthen the capability for absorbing and developing these fields within
those nations themselves. Mr. Arima felt that we should not just confine
ourselves to transplanting or transferring the completed technology, but
rather through the implementation of the wide range cooperation including
joint studies, contribute to the developing nation and the
manpower-building of those nations.

This objective is being pursued by Japan through the dispatch of experts
and through the education and training of Japan of people from the
developing nations.

In 1983 Japan spent $458 million on technology transfer to the developing
nations. This is approximately one-third of what the United States spends.
Research cooperation is implemented through the Science and Technology
Agency and through the Ministries of Education and Agriculture.

On behalf of the U.S. side, Congressman Packard expressed his appreciation
that this important subject was included in the agenda. He noted that both
Japan and the United States share a concern and a commitment to disseminate
the knowledge and expertise of all technological advances to other nations
whose economic and industrial structure could be advanced by such efforts.
Technology transfer takes place by means of both hardware and information.
It must take place in an environment of mutual respect and trust between
the nations involved, the developed and the developing. This is an
environment that is easier to describe than it is to create, but it must
remain a constant goal.

Mr. Packard expressed the hope that Japan and the United States, as the two
largest contributors to technology transfer to the developing nations,
would be able to exchange ideas about the methods and mechanisms that have
been particularly successful for each nation.

The U.S. feels that science and technology, in and of themselves, are not
the sole answer to the kind of progress that our own nation has
experienced. Stated another way, development does not start with goods or
products. It starts with people and the quality of their education, with
their organization, and with discipline. Without these three, all
resources remain latent, untapped potential. Because of its adherence to
these principles, the work of Japan with the developing nations of the
Pacific Rim is much admired by the United States.

In the discussion it was noted that this subject will also be taken up when
the Pacific Caucus meets in Hawaii. It was emphasized that it is important
the subject be taken out of the philosophical realm and into the realm of
t is practical: what can be actually and effectively accomplished.

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