in 1652. Elements of this regiment were reorganized with other county militia in 1754 to form the Virginia Regiment, which in turn was expanded a few years later to form the 1st and 2d Regiments of Virginia, commanded respectively by Colonels George Washington and William Byrd. During the Revolutionary War the 1st Regiment was commanded by Colonel Patrick Henry, and later its commander was Colonel John Marshall.

These examples of early militia organizations, forerunners of today's National Guard, illustrate the principle of citizen-soldier service advocated by George Washington when he said, "every Citizen who enjoys the protection of a free Government owes not only a proportion of his property but even his personal services to the defense of it."

Constitutional Basis. After the Colonies had won their independence, the principle of the citizen-soldier was considered so important that it was written into the Constitution of the United States. Section 8, Article I of the Constitution recognizes the militia of the several States:

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"The Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;

"To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress."

In addition, the second amendment to the Constitution (Article II of the Bill of Rights) recognizes the right of the citizen-soldier, in the interests of "a well-regulated militia. . . to keep and bear arms."

The Period of State Control. Although President Washington constantly pressed Congress to prepare "a uniform and well-digested plan" for the militia, no such action was taken, and militia were separately formed, trained, and controlled by each State. The act of Congress of 28 February 1795 gave the President authority to call out the militia in cases of invasion and other emergency. However, Federal use of State militia depended on the individual State's acceptance or rejection of the President's request. In 1808 Congress

took a step in the direction of a uniform militia by providing for specific Federal aid to be paid annually to the States to support their militia, but these forces still remained under State control.

The name "National Guard" was first applied to a State militia on 16 August 1824, when New York's Seventh Regiment (now the 107th Infantry Regiment, NYNG) adopted the name in compliment to the Marquis de Lafayette, who had commanded the Garde Nationale in Paris in 1789 and had served in our Revolutionary War. By 1896 most States had adopted the title, although this change in name did not change the essential character of the Guard as a State organization. Nevertheless, played an important part in providing trained troops in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War and the Spanish-American War.

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Joint Federal-State Support. A sweeping change was effected in the Guard in 1903. The Secretary of War (Elihu Root) instituted a general program to reorganize the nation's military establishment after the Spanish-American War, and part of the program emerged as the Dick Act, passed on 21 January 1903. This legislation redesignated the active militia as the "Organized Militia" of the United States, and provided that its organization, armament, and discipline should be the same as that prescribed for the Regular Army. The act provided for regular inspection by Army officers detailed by the Secretary of War, and for regular returns by the Adjutants General of the several States to the Secretary. It authorized the participation by the organized militia in joint maneuvers with the Regular Army, and provided that participating militia should receive the same pay, subsistence, and transportation as did the Regular Army. Failure on the part of a State to keep the training up to a set standard would result in the withholding of annual appropriations by the Federal Government. The Act also provided for separate State encampments of the organized militia, by allowing, out of an annual appropriation of $1,000,000 for militia purposes, similar benefits for such encampments. The States were to provide personnel and

armory facilities, and to pay for their maintenance. In 1903 the State of New York (to take an example) appropriated $450,000, or $32.45 for each citizensoldier in its organized militia; and other States did proportionately well.

With this combined Federal and State support, the organized militia developed into well-organized and adequately trained units. It was not until the enactment of the National Defense Act of 1916, however, that the designation "National Guard" was officially adopted. That act corrected many of the deficiencies of the Act of 1903. It empowered the President or the Federal Government to prescribe the organization, strength, and armament of units to be maintained in each State and the qualifications for commission and enlistment, and provided for Federal compensation of National Guard officers and enlisted personnel for armory drill. Equally important, it made the Guard a component of the nation's organized peace establishment, and when in active Federal service, a part of the Army of the United States.

In 1916 about 151,000 Guardsmen were called into Federal service, of whom about 110,000 served on the Mexican border.

World War I. How well the act of 1916 accomplished its purpose was demonstrated by the ease and speed with which the National Guard regiments were inducted into Federal service and organized into divisions for World War I. The Guard furnished the AEF with 380,000 men, and with 17 divisions as follows

crush the St. Mihiel Salient, and smash to victory through the Meuse-Argonne, and with having spent more days in actual combat than did either the Regular or the National Army divisions. The performance of the Guard units, according to records of the German Supreme Command which were released after World War I by Major Gerhard Von Rundstedt (Field Marshal Von Rundstedt of World War II), was exceptionally high: of the eight American divisions considered by them to be excellent or superior, six were National Guard divisions-the 26th, 28th, 32d, 33d, 37th and 42d.

Interwar Period. Following World War I the Guard became once again the National Guard of the several States. Under postwar amendments to the National Defense Act of 1916, it was reorganized to consist of the same Guard divisions that had served during the

war.

Then came another sweeping change. The Act of 15 June 1933 (amending the National Defense Act) created a new component of the Army known as the National Guard of the United States. This gave the Guard a dual status since, as a part of the Army, it could be ordered into active Federal service by the President whenever Congress declared a national emergency, without the necessity of being called through the Governors of the States. Under the act the enlisted men of the Guard acquired Federal status, which had previously been limited to officers.

The National Guard reorganized in the States at the rate of about 40,000 a year for four years. An era of economy prevented it from attaining its target strength of 435,000; instead, it stabilized at about 185,000 for the next 15 years, during which period it achieved a new high in all-round effectiveness.

World War II. By a joint resolution of Congress approved 27 August 1940, the National Guard was ordered into the active military service of the United States for 12 consecutive months. Induction began on 16 September 19401, and was completed on 6 October 1941. The Guard brought into Federal service a total of 300,034 men, organized into

At this period the Army was undergoing changes in organization, and similar changes went into effect in the Guard units. Their divisions were made triangular, reducing the number of organic infantry regiments in each division from four to three. Units rendered surplus were used as cadres for new divisions. (The Americal Division, for example, was activated from a task force including the 132d, 164th, and 182d Infantry Regiments, which had thus become surplus.)

During the war over 75,000 National Guard enlisted men became commissioned officers, either by graduation from officer candidate schools or by battlefield commissions. Guard units participated in at least 34 separate campaigns and in numerous assault landings. The Guard's 18 combat divisions suffered a total of 185,561 battle casualties. One hundred and fortyeight distinguished unit citations were awarded to Guard units for outstanding performance of duty in action or for conspicuous valor or heroism. Individual Guardsmen received 14 medals of honor, 50 distinguished service crosses, 48 distinguished flying crosses, and more than 500 silver star medals.

The Honorable Robert P. Patterson, Secretary of War, summed up the Guard's contribution to victory in World War II in the following tribute: "The National Guard took to the field 18 infantry divisions-300,000 men. Those State troops doubled the strength of the Army at once, and their presence in the field gave the country a sense that it had passed the lowest ebb of its weakness . . . Nine of those divisions crossed the Atlantic to Europe and Africa and nine went

to the far reaches of the Pacific. The soldiers of the Guard fought in every action in which the Army participated from Bataan to Okinawa. They made a brilliant record on every fighting front. They proved once more the value of the trained citizen-soldier."

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Postwar Period. With the end of World War II, National Guard units inactivated, Guardsmen were separated from Federal service and returned direct to civilian life; and for a short period there actually was National Guard. On 13 October 1945, however, the Secretary of War approved the policies relating to the organization of the postwar Guard, and on 30 June 1946 Federal recognition was extended to the first reorganized Guard unit. In 1947 the air units were organized separately from the Army units and designated the Air National Guard. Since then the National Guard has consisted of the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard.

By July 1950 the National Guard had developed into a potent force of some 370,000 officers and men in more than 5,000 Army and Air Force units located in every State and in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. It consisted of 25 infantry and 2 armored divisions, 84 fighter and bomber squadrons, and numerous supporting units. Most of the officers and a good part of the enlisted men were combat veterans of World War II. All were volunteer citizen-soldiers, equipped and trained under the supervision and according to the standards of the Department of the Army or Department of the Air Force.

In the course of the Korean War, beginning in July of 1950 (a month after its outbreak), 138,600 officers and men in 1,672 Federally recognized Army National Guard units were ordered into Federal service. They included eight infantry divisions, three regimental combat teams, 43 antiaircraft artillery battalions, and a number of other nondivisional combat, combat support, and service units. Two of the divisions fought in combat in Korea, two served on active duty in Europe, and four were stationed in the United States. The divisions, with their dates and places of service, were the following—

28th Inf. Div. 31st Inf. Div. 37th Inf. Div. 40th Inf. Div. 43d Inf. Div. 44th Inf. Div. 45th Inf. Div. 47th Inf. Div.

In addition a great many nondivisional Guard units served in Korea, in the European Command, in Iceland, or with the Army in Alaska.

More than 45,000 officers and airmen in 486 Federally recognized units of the Air National Guard were also ordered into active Federal service during the Korean War. These units were organized into 22 wings, consisting of 66 squadrons, and other combat support and service organzations. Two of the wings (the 116th and 136th) fought in Korea; 3 of them (the 117th, 123d, and 126th) served on defensive missions in Europe; and 19 had active duty training missions in the United States.

A large amount of Army National Guard equipment was turned back to the Department of the Army by the States during the Korean War. In fiscal year 1951 alone, in addition to the equipment taken into Federal service by the 1,457 Army National Guard units ordered to active duty during that year, the Guard turned over to the Department of the Army 156 M-26 tanks, 592 M-4 medium tanks, 5,595 general and special purpose vehicles, 95 Army aircraft, and other items. Some of this war material was so urgently needed that it was shipped direct from Guard units to the Korean battlefront. In all, the National Guard, including the Air National Guard, supplied the Regular Army and Air Force with about $700,000,000 in equipment and facilities during the Korean War. This was done without impairing the training of those National Guard units not in Federal service.

In 1954 and 1955 the Army National Guard converted 4 of its 25 infantry divisions to armored divisions, bringing the total number of the latter to 6.

In March 1954 the Army National Guard, in the first peacetime Federal mission assigned to it, began active participation in the antiaircraft defense of the continental United States (USARADCOM). For three and a half years, while Active Army units con

verted to the Nike missile, Army Guard units filled a vital role by taking over and operating designated on-site gun positions in certain defended areas, as part of the air defense structure. In October 1957 the Secretary of the Army announced that Army National Guard antiaircraft units guarding cities across the nation would be converted to Nike as soon as the necessary conversion training could be accomplished. They will thereby become the first units of the reserve forces of the United States to be equipped with modern surfaceto-air guided missiles.

In August 1954 the Air National Guard began active participation in the Air Defense Augmentation Plan of the Air Defense Command. Under this program, which is primarily designed to extend the coverage and strengthen the air defense system of the United States, Air National Guard units located at strategic air bases maintain jet fighter aircraft, with combat-ready aircrews and supporting personnel, on five-minute runway alert status during daylight hours every day in the year. By 30 June 1957, 20 fighter-interceptor squadrons were participating in the program, thus insuring the readiness and increasing the combat potential of the Air National Guard. In November 1957, in a move paralleling the conversion of Army National Guard units to the Nike missile, the Air National Guard entered the missile era with the re-equipment of its 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Oregon National Guard, with aircraft equipped to carry the Falcon, an airto-air radar-guided missile.

THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD TODAY. It has a dual status and dual missions.

1. As the Army National Guard of the United States, to provide units of the reserve components of the Army, adequately organized, trained, and equipped, available for mobilization in the event of national emergency or war, in accordance with deployment schedules, and capable of participating in

combat operations in support of the Army's war plans.

2. As the National Guard of the several States, respectively, to provide sufficient organizations in each State, so trained and equipped as to enable them to function efficiently at existing strength in the protection of life and property and the preservation of peace, order, and public safety, under competent orders of the State authorities.

On 1 January 1958 the Federally recognized strength of the Army National Guard was 404,095 in 5,437 units of company or detachment size. (That of the Air National Guard was 69,029 in 565 units.) There were Army and Air National Guard units in approximately 2,600 communities throughout continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

On 31 March 1958 the Secretary of the Army announced that the Army National Guard, together with the Army Reserve, would undergo a planned reorganization and modernization to conform with rapidly changing conditions of modern warfare and new weapons systems. The reorganization, to be accomplished over a two and onehalf year period so as to insure uninterrupted mobilization readiness, will inIclude the conversion of divisions to the pentomic organization of the Active Army. It is proposed that the Army National Guard include 21 combat divisions and 6 combat support divisional headquarters.

THE NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU. Prior to 1908, matters pertaining to the Organized Militia were handled in the War Department by the Assistant Secretary of War, the Chief of Staff, The Adjutant General of the Army, and the chiefs of other offices. On 12 February 1908 a Division of Militia Affairs was created in the office of the Secretary of War. In 1910 it was transferred

to the Office of the Chief of Staff. The act of 3 June 1916 created the Militia Bureau of the War Department, and for the first time gave the President authority to assign National Guard officers thereto, with the Chief of the Bureau an ex-officio member of the General Staff Corps. The act of 15 June 1933 redesignated the Militia Bureau as the National Guard Bureau.

The National Guard Bureau today is a special staff section of the Department of the Army and an agency of the Department of the Air Force. It is staffed by civil service employees and military personnel of the Active Army and Active Air Force, including officers of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard ordered to active duty under the provisions of Title 10, United States Code 3496 and Title 10, United States Code 8496. Its mission is to participate in the formulation and administration of a program for the development and maintenance of Army and Air National Guard units in the several States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. It is the channel of communication between the Departments of the Army and Air Force and the several States on National Guard matters.

The National Guard Bureau is organized into an Office of the Chief, an Army Division, and an Air Force Division. The Office of the Chief includes a deputy chief, an executive, a legal advisor, a policy and liaison office, an information office and an administrative office. The Chief of the Bureau is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, from lists of National Guard officers recommended by their respective State Governors, for a term of four years, and is eligible to succeed himself. Upon accepting office he is appointed a major general, a rank he holds during his tenure.