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The following table shows the number and percentage of battle casualties in World War II for the Army as a whole (less the Army Air Forces, as they then were) and its major components; and separately, for the Navy, Marines, and Army Air Forces.

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The following table shows the casualties of various types for the several Armed Services in the Korean War

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53.

a Total killed, wounded, missing, and captured as a result of enemy action during period 25 June 50-27 July b Killed in action, died of wounds, and died while missing or captured.

The following two tables give data on medical noneffective rates and nonbattle admission rates of Army personnel, for fiscal years 1952-7 inclusive. The downward trend over this six-year period is clearly shown.

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Average daily number of excused-from-duty Army patients for nonbattle causes in hospital or quarters per 1,000 average strength.

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Number of active duty Army personnel excused from duty for medical reasons per 1,000 average strength per year if continued at same rate as in month shown.

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Chapter 16

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

One of the first needs of a nation at war is to have as much useful information about its enemy as possible; and concurrently to conceal from him similar information about itself. In modern total war, which enlists all the energies and resources of combatant nations, the categories of facts which are useful from the military angle are many and comprehensive. Moreover, a nation today cannot afford to wait for the outbreak of war before beginning to collect such data. It must have available, at all times, reliable and up-to-date information on which to base advance plans for what to do if it or its allies should be attacked or otherwise forced into war.

Military intelligence may be loosely described as any information about a present or possible enemy, or theater of operations, which has been checked for accuracy as far as possible, and which is, or might be, useful to the Armed Forces. It is the task of Army intelligence agencies to collect, check, and make available such data. Counterintelligence may be loosely described as action taken to prevent a present or possible enemy, and its agents, from getting key information about ourselves, or otherwise endangering national security by "underground" activities. Intelligence in the broad sense includes counterintelligence as one of its ele

ments'.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The history of Army intelligence is as old as the Army itself. George Washington was keenly aware of its importance to military plans and operations. He constantly exhorted his subordinate commanders to spare neither expense nor effort in obtaining information of the enemy's strength. dispositions, and movements. He personally directed a large network of agents,

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whose identity he carefully concealed for security reasons. (This anonymity of Washington's agents was later a central theme in James Fenimore Cooper's novel, The Spy.)

After the Revolution a full century elapsed before Army intelligence was established on a permanent basis. With the advent of a war, intelligence would appear on an organized basis, only to

1 The Army's formal definition of "intelligence" is "evaluated and interpreted information concerning an actual enemy or area of operations (including weather and terrain) together with the conclusions drawn thereand to include "deductions concerning current enemy capabilities or possible courses of action open to him that can effect the accomplishment of our mission." The Army's formal definition of "counterintelligence" (spelled as a single word) is "that aspect of intelligence relating to all security control measures, both active and passive, designed to insure the safeguarding of information, personnel, equipment, and installations against the espionage, sabotage, or subversive activities of foreign powers and disaffected or dissident groups or individuals which constitute a threat to the national security."

In military phraseology there is a sharp distinction between the terms "Information" and "intelligence." Any alleged fact which comes to the attention of appropriate Army agencies is a piece of information. It becomes intelligence only after it has been checked and otherwise processed, as described in this chapter.

Washington's ledgers show expenditures of some $17.000 for intelligence and information purposes (chiefly payments to spies).

disappear with the return to peace. Between wars there were sporadic Army activities of an intelligence nature, such as exploring and mapping the West, and the occasional official publication of an Army officer's report on foreign armies.

At the outset of the Civil War both intelligence and counterintelligence responsibilities for the Union forces were entrusted chiefly to Allan Pinkerton, a famous detective of that period. He operated for most of the time under the cover of an Army major. Maj. Gen. McClellan, who for a while commanded the Army of the Potomac, was Pinkerton's principal sponsor; and McClellan's relief by Hooker, in the latter part of 1862, was followed by the withdrawal of Pinkerton from this field. A more effective intelligence effort than that of Pinkerton was made by the Bureau of Information, directed by Colonel George H. Sharpe, Assistant Provost Marshal of the Army of the Potomac, from early in 1863 to the close of the war. Sharpe-a New York lawyer, who had commanded a regiment of volunteers in combat-appreciated the necessity of efficient, systematic collection of information from all sources, and also the vital importance of bringing together the individual reports for evaluation and collation.

An interesting anticipation of modern aerial reconnaissance and photography was the Signal Corps' employment of balloons and cameras for observation purposes during the Civil War.

Military intelligence as a permanent and continuing activity in our Army began in 1885, when an intelligence unit of a few clerks was established in the office of The Adjutant General. In 1889 the Military Intelligence Division was enlarged to include a military attache system. By 1898, when the SpanishAmerican War broke out, there were 11 officers and 12 civilians in the Division in Washington and 16 attaches abroad.

With the creation of the War Department General Staff in 1903, intelligence was transferred to that agency and became its "Second Division," with 6 officers and a small civilian staff. However, it soon lost its identity as a separate division; and as the General

Staff suffered severe personnel cuts and passed through various reorganizations, intelligence was relegated to a place of minor importance. How minor may be judged by the fact that in May of 1917, a month after we entered World War I, the Military Intelligence Section (the only intelligence unit in the General Staff) consisted of 3 officers and 2 civilians.

With the progress of the war, intelligence activities expanded enormously. The General Staff intelligence agency was redesignated "Military Intelligence Division" in August of 1918. By the date of the Armistice it had a strength of 282 officers and 1159 civilians. Many of the officers were specialists in one or another field who had been commissioned directly from civil life. There were similar specialists among the civilian personnel, since by World War I the need for them had become plain. Even during the Civil War the influence of modern inventions and industry upon both warfare and intelligence had been evident in the military employment of railways, telegraph lines, and cameras; and World War I added improved weapons and means of transport and communication. The net effect of these developments in weapons and equipment was to complicate the problems of military intelligence, while simultaneously adding to the capacity of intelligence to solve them.

During the drastic reduction in the size of the Army which followed World War I, the strength of the War Department G2 (as it was then called) shrank to 20 officers and 48 civilians. The outbreak of World War II reversed the trend. At the peak of its strength in World War II, G2 numbered 622 officers and 921 civilians. There were also large Army intelligence and counterintelligence organizations elsewhere in the United States, and at various command levels overseas.

After the war, intelligence agencies suffered the inevitable reduction. However, it was by no means as drastic as that which followed World War I; nor has it resulted, as was repeatedly the case in the past, in crippling our defense effort in that field. Our Army as a whole is being maintained today at a greater strength, and a higher

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