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The bulk of the foregoing are used or consumed by engineer units and agencies; but the Corps supplies a number of items to other branches of the Army, and, under the "single manager plan," to the Air Force.

TRAINING OF ENLISTED MEN. From time immemorial, the need has existed in war for trained specialists who accompany, and sometimes precede, the fighting man, and facilitate his movements. They have had many names-sappers, pioneers, artificers, pontoneers, and so on. But essentially they were and are engineers-professional military engineers.

Today's engineer soldier spends his first eight weeks in basic combat training, learning to fight and function as an infantryman. Then he moves to advanced training at Fort Leonard Wood, or specialist training at the Engineer School, Fort Belvoir. Most of the basic engineer crafts are taught at Fort Leonard Wood. Here the engineer soldier acquires the rudiments of bridge construction and explosives, and the skills needed for building and pipeline construction-carpentry, plumbing, electrical work, welding, steelwork, rigging, and so on. Crane, tractor, and other equipment operators learn to handle the massive and modern earthmoving equipment of the Corps. Courses in leadership and management for noncommissioned officers (NCO's) are conducted. Eight weeks of these various courses lay the foundation for further training and development in engineer units.

At Fort Belvoir the more complicated techniques are taught. It is here that the Corps starts training its surveyors, draftsmen, engineer equipment and diesel mechanics, cartographers and

photogrammetrists, and supply and camouflage specialists. The training of operating crews for nuclear power plants is in part carried on here. Also, men learn how to maintain and operate the complicated equipment needed in support of guided missiles. The engineer leaves Fort Belvoir prepared to assume his job in engineer units throughout the world, which are insatiable consumers of a wide variety of skills.

PROCUREMENT AND TRAINING OF OFFICERS. Engineer officers are obtained from West Point, from various colleges, by direct commission, and from the ranks through officer candidate schools (OCS).

All officers attend the basic course at Fort Belvoir. Later the regulars return to take the advanced course, and the career reservists to take the associate advanced course. Some are given special courses in airfield construction, maintenance, supply camouflage, and post engineering. Certain officers (and also enlisted men) train with industry to learn firsthand the operation and maintenance of equipment and machinery. Throughout the colleges of the nation, engineer officers are engaged in advanced study to qualify them professionally in engineering, and in a variety of fields ranging from advanced geodesy and nuclear physics to finance and management.

Finally, some selected engineer officers attend the senior service schools— U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, U. S. Army War College, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and National War College. There they prepare themselves to take their places beside officers from the other branches, in command of major Army organizations.

CHIEFS OF ENGINEERS. The following have served

17 Jun 1775-5 Aug 1776 5 Aug 1776-1 Nov 1776 22 Jul 1777-10 Oct 1783 26 Feb 1795-7 May 1798 7 May 1798-1 Apr 1802 3 Jul 1802-20 Jun 1803 19 Apr 1805-31 Jul 1812 31 Jul 1812-12 Nov 1818 12 Nov 1818-1 Jun 1821 1 Jun 1821-24 May 1828 24 May 1828-6 Dec 1838 7 Dec 1838-3 Mar 1863 3 Mar 1863-22 Apr 1864 22 Apr 1864-8 Aug 1866 8 Aug 1866-30 Jun 1879 30 Jun 1879-6 Mar 1884 6 Mar 1884-27 Aug 1886

.Col. Richard Gridley .Col. Rufus Putnam Maj. Gen. L. L. Duportail Lt. Col. Stephen Rochefontaine Lt. Col. Henry Burbeck .Lt. Col. Jonathan Williams Col. Jonathan Williams Col. J. G. Swift Col. W. K. Armistead Col. Alexander Macomb .Col. Charles Gratiot .Col. J. G. Totten .Brig. Gen. J. G. Totten Brig. Gen. Richard Delafield Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys Brig. Gen. H. G. Wright .Brig. Gen. John Newton

11 Oct 1886-30 Jun 1888 6 Jul 1888-10 May 1895 10 May 1895-1 Feb 1897 1 Feb 1897-30 Apr 1901 3 May 1901-22 Jan 1904 23 Jan 1904-25 May 1908 2 Jul 1908-11 Jun 1910 12 Jun 1910-11 Aug 1913 12 Aug 1913-11 Oct 1913 12 Oct 1913-6 Mar 1916 7 Mar 1916-31 Oct 1919 9 Jan 1920-19 Jun 1924 19 Jun 1924-27 Jun 1926 27 Jun 1926-7 Aug 1929 7 Aug 1929-1 Oct 1929 1 Oct 1929-1 Oct 1933 1 Oct 1933-18 Oct 1937 18 Oct 1937-1 Oct 1941 1 Oct 1941-30 Sep 1945 1 Oct 1945-28 Feb 1949 1 Mar 1949-25 Jan 1953 17 Mar 1953-30 Sep 1956 1 Oct 1956

THE MILITARY

"Military police" is the name given to soldiers who exercise police and allied functions, and who comprise a branch of the United States Army known as the Military Police Corps. While on duty, they are distinguished from other soldiers by a blue and white armband with the letters "MP," worn on the left arm.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Although the Corps, as a permanent branch of the Army, is one of the youngest of the services, it has been repeatedly created as a temporary agency, and its traditions of duty, service, and security date back to our Revolution. In January of 1776, Washington appointed a "Provost Martial" to the "Army of the United Colonies." Two years later, by Congressional resolution, a Provost Corps was established "to be mounted on horse-back, and armed and accoutred as Light Dragoons." At about the same time the Marechausie Corps was directed to apprehend "Deserters, Marauders, Drunkards, Rioters and Stragglers" and perform various other military police duties.

In September of 1862, a Provost Marshal General was appointed in the War Department for the duration of the Civil War. His primary function was the operation of the draft laws when these had been enacted but his subordinates, stationed throughout the country, were also charged with ap

.Brig. Gen. J. C. Duane Brig. Gen. T. L. Casey ..Brig. Gen. W. P. Craighill .Brig. Gen. J. M. Wilson .Brig. Gen. L. Gillespie Brig. Gen. Alexander Mackenzie .Brig. Gen. William L. Marshall .Brig. Gen. William H. Bixby .Brig. Gen. William T. Rossell ..Brig. Gen. Dan C. Kingman .Maj. Gen. William M. Black .Maj. Gen. Lansing H. Beach Maj. Gen. Harry Taylor .Maj. Gen. Edgar Jadwin .Brig. Gen. Herbert Deakyne .Maj. Gen. Lytle Brown .Maj. Gen. Edward M. Markham .Maj. Gen. Julian L. Schley .Lt. Gen. Eugene Reybold .Lt. Gen. Raymond A. Wheeler .Lt. Gen. Lewis A. Pick .Maj. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr. ..Maj. Gen. E. C. Itschner

POLICE CORPS

prehending deserters, arresting disloyal persons, inquiring into and reporting treasonable practices, seizing stolen government property, and detecting spies, and were "authorized to call on any available military force within their respective districts, or else to employ the assistance of civilian constables, sheriffs, or police officers." In addition, an Invalid Corps, later called the Veteran Reserve Corps, was established in 1862 to perform military police duties and maintain internal security. This organization was disbanded in 1866.

In 1917 a Provost Marshal General was again appointed in the War Department for the duration of the war, to administer the Selective Service Law on the principle of "supervised decentralization." A Provost Marshal General, AEF, was also appointed in July 1917 to the American Expeditionary Forces as advisor on military police and provost marshal matters. On 15 October 1918, a Military Police Corps was activated in the AEF. Shortly after the cessation of hostilities, however, the Corps and the PMG's Department were again dissolved. Between 1919 and 1941, MP duties were performed by individuals and units detailed for that purpose at military installations.

In August, 1941, a Provost Marshal General's Office and a Military Police Corps were once more established. The nucleus of the Corps was three bat

Spelt in that manner, according to the records. The word was presumably from the French "marechaussee."

talions and four separate companies, activated in September of the same year. In December there were transferred to the Corps all individual officers and enlisted men who had been performing military police duties as a principal function, and also such units

as

were performing these duties. A school, a replacement training center, and a unit training center were established. During the war the school graduated nearly 10,000 officer students, 3,340 officer candidates, and over 5,000 enlisted specialists in criminal investigation and police of occupied territory. In the same period 42,000 men were trained in the Military Police Replacement Center; and 25 military police battalions and 272 separate companies were trained in the Unit Training Center.

A total of 150 military police battalions and more than 900 other military police units were activated during the war. These included MP organizations for tactical units of the Army Ground Forces and the Army Air Forces, communications zones, and the Zone of Interior; escort guard companies for handling prisoners of war; prisoner of war processing companies; post, camp or station military police companies; and criminal investigation detachments. Many detachments were also formed from bulk allotments for duty at military installations, patrolling towns and cities and maintaining order among military personnel on public carriers. The Corps grew to a peak strength, in June of 1945, of some 200,000 enlisted men and 9,250 officers.

On 19 June 1946, the Chief of Staff approved the continuation of the Military Police Corps and the Office of The Provost Marshal General as a part of the military establishment; and on 28 June 1950, Public Law 581 authorized the establishment of the Corps as a basic branch of the army.

Although a majority of MP units were disbanded following World War II, the Corps built up to about 42,000 during the Korean conflict. It was in the war-torn hills of Korea that the Corps applied the lessons learned in World War II. New experience was gained in the handling of mutinous Communist prisoners of war. Sudden

attacks on supply lines by guerrillas created a new mission, that of rear area security. During the early days of the Korean conflict, it was common to find military policemen fighting in the front lines with the infantry, thereafter returning to their primary duties of traffic control and the handling of prisoners of war.

THE CORPS TODAY. The Military Police Corps emerged from World War II, and the Korean fighting with a distinguished record of accomplishment and service, at home and in combat. That record-written on the bloody beachheads of every major invasion, on shell-blasted roads jammed with traffic moving to every front, and equally in soldier-packed cities-has earned for the Corps a permanent place in the military establishment. Wherever the United States Army has been, the Military Police Corps has been there also.

The mission of the Corps is the maintenance of law and order, the prevention and investigation of crime within the Army, the enforcement of orders and regulations, and the operation of confinement facilities. This mission includes the apprehension, and return to military control, of unauthorized absentees and escaped military prisoners; the retraining and rehabilitation of military prisoners; the control of traffic on military reservations; the physical security of posts, camps, stations and facilities; and the protection of the welfare of fellow soldiers.

Additional functions in time of war include the documentation, interment. care, treatment, work supervision, education, and repatriation of prisoners of war and civilian internees; maintenance of the official Information Bureaus of United States military and civilian personnel detained by enemy powers; and maintenance of the Prisoner of War Information Bureaus concerning enemy personnel interned by the United States, as required by the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Also, military police have a major role in the control of military traffic to insure the timely arrival of supplies, equipment, and personnel, and in the evacuation of refugees. The secondary mission of Corps personnel is to engage in combat when required.

The chief of the Corps, who is called The Provost Marshal General, is the principal law enforcement authority in the Department of the Army. He formulates military police policies for the Army under the direction of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, and supervises the technical training and functioning of the Corps.

The present strength of the Corps is about 30,000. Its responsibilities are global. Each army in the United States, each oversea command, each post, camp, or station, and each major subordinate unit of the field forces (division, corps,

or field army) has military police and a provost marshal, who acts as a staff officer to the commander and supervises the law enforcement activities of the command.

Training of Corps personnel is provided at The Provost Marshal General's School, Fort Gordon, Georgia. In addition to the basic courses, the School gives instruction in scientific criminal investigation, lie detector operation, industrial defense, and physical security systems, and in correction and confinement procedures. It also conducts extension courses.

PROVOST MARSHALS GENERAL. The following have served—

31 Jul 1941-21 Jun 1944 21 Jun 1944-3 Dec 1945 3 Dec 1945-10 Apr 1948 10 Apr 1948-31 Jan 1953 3 Feb 1953-30 Sept 1957 19 Nov 1957

.Maj. Gen. Allen W. Gullion ...Maj. Gen. Archer L. Lerch .Brig. Gen. Blackshear M. Bryan .Maj. Gen. Edwin P. Parker, Jr. Maj. Gen. William H. Maglin .Maj. Gen. Haydon L. Boatner

THE ORDNANCE CORPS

and

The Ordnance Corps designs, develops, procures, stores, maintains, and issues a wide variety of equipment and supplies, including small arms artillery, ammunition of all types, tanks, gun motor carriages, armored personnel carriers, trucks for transporting men and materiel, aircraft bombs, land mines, free-flight rockets and launchers, guided missiles, and miscellaneous equipment. The principal supply is to the Army, but under the "single manager plan" the Corps procures small arms and ammunition, and certain motor vehicles, for the Navy and Marine Corps; aircraft guns and ammunition, bombs, small arms, and automotive equipment for the Air Force; and many items for foreign aid. To perform its mission it maintains and operates manufacturing arsenals; research laboratories; proving grounds; depots for storage and maintenance; district offices for procurement; and government-owned, contractor-operated plants for loading ammunition and manufacturing explosives and propellants.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. The antecedents of the Ordnance Corps go back to the early days of the American Revolution, when the Continental Congress created a Board of War and Ordnance and assigned to it many of the duties now associated with

the Corps. From time to time the Congress also appointed committees to deal with specific problems such as the procurement of cannon, the manufacture of gunpowder, and the opening of lead mines. A Commissary General of Military Stores was appointed to keep records of supplies and be responsible for armories, foundries, and "laboratories" (workshops).

In the 80 years following the Revolution, various plans were adopted and modified for handling ordnance duties. The Ordnance Department as such was created in 1812. Armories or arsenals were established as follows: Springfield (Mass.) and Harper's Ferry (Va.) in 1794; Watervliet (N. Y.) in 1813; Frankford (Pa.) in 1815; Watertown (Mass.) in 1816; and Rock Island (Ill.) during the Civil War. Between the Civil War and World War I, breech-loading field and coast artillery were developed, and improved projectiles, propellants, and explosives were standardized. Picatinny Arsenal (N. J.) was created as a powder depot in 1879, and later became a manufacturing arsenal. The famous Springfield rifle was adopted in 1903.

Following World War I, there was established the decentralized Ordnance District system of procurement now in effect. A program was adopted which resulted in the standardization of new

and improved items of artillery, small arms (including the Garand or M1 rifle), ammunition, and combat vehicles. Surveys of industry and production studies were made, and plans prepared for the prompt placing of large contracts if an emergency arose.

World War II brought to the Ordnance the greatest challenge in its history. Thanks to prewar planning, the Department got off to a fast start in its enormous procurement program. Vast new productive capacity was created; over $3,000,000,000 went into constructing and equipping some 60 plants for making smokeless powder, TNT, ammonium nitrate, and RDX, and for loading cartridge cases, powder bags, shells, bombs, and mines. During the war these government-owned, contractor-operated plants, together with commercial plants making cartridge cases and other ammunition components, produced nearly a billion rounds of artillery ammunition, ranging in size from 20mm aircraft gun cartridges to 240mm howitzer shells. Ordnance wartime procurement amounted to $34,000,000,000, roughly half the total of all Army procurement. Scores of new items were developed, including the lightweight carbine, the bazooka rocket launcher, light recoilless rifles with the fire power of artillery, improved tanks, and many new types of ammunition. Detroit Arsenal, built during the war, continued in the postwar years as the center of tank development and production. The Ordnance Training Center was established at Aberdeen Proving Ground in 1941. Ordnance-trained officers and men went to every oversea theater to provide support for the troops in the field.

In the postwar years research and development continued, including highly important studies of German V-2 weapons and of new American designs of guided missiles, and many test firings were made at White Sands Proving Ground.

With the outbreak of hostilities in Korea, Ordnance was suddenly called upon to swing back into production, issue supplies from storage, and accelerate its research. The budget jumped from $600,000,000 in fiscal year 1950 to more than $11,000,000,000 in 1952. In 1953,

Ordnance announced three remarkable new developments the 75mm radarcontrolled Skysweeper antiaircraft gun, the Nike antiaircraft guided missile, and the 280mm atomic cannon. Meanwhile, at Redstone Arsenal, a group of former German scientists worked with ordnance engineers on a spectacular array of rockets and guided missiles that gave promise of opening a new era in the history of warfare.

THE ORDNANCE CORPS TODAY. The Office of the Chief of Ordnance has nine staff offices, dealing with a wide variety of administrative, legislative, legal, financial, planning, coordination, liaison, publicity, and security problems and the like. It also has three main divisions, each with general supervision over a major operation of the Corps: the Research and Development Division, the Industrial Division, and the Field Service Division. They direct a sequence of operations which start with the design of a weapon or other item, and end with its final distribution and maintenance.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION. This division is charged with developing new and improved Ordnance materiel, including guided missiles and rockets as well as timehonored weapons such as tanks, artillery, small arms, and transport vehicles. Actual research and development work is under the direction of arsenals and other Ordnance Corps installations, from which items are sent to a proving ground for testing. Guided missiles and rockets are tested at White Sands Proving Ground; most vehicles, artillery, small arms, and ammunition, at Aberdeen Proving Ground (Md.). The division maintains close technical liaison with the Navy, the Air Force, and other Federal agencies; with the using arms and services; and with numerous technological and scientific institutions and activities.

INDUSTRIAL DIVISION. This division supervises procurement, production, inspection, and acceptance of ordnance materiel, and the industrial engineering connected therewith; it is responsible for industrial mobilization planning. Its chief has a deputy and two special assistants-one for artillery, vehicles, and infantry weapons, and one

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