pentomic requirements. The present M48A2 tank has been improved by a fuel injection engine which increases operational range. Another item just completed is the "Mechanical Mule," an 830-lb. vehicle that can carry a 1,000-lb. load.

AIR MOBILITY. There are a number of important current developments in the field of Army aviation. An aerial jeep is being designed for vertical takeoffs and landings and for rapid forward movements. Four other types of research aircraft, with better vertical takeoff and landing possibilities, are also under development. Research continues on the Flying Crane helicopter, designed to carry a 12-ton load for a short distance under combat conditions; this machine has great possibilities in connection with the crossing of rivers, mountains, escarpments, swamps, and other obstacles. Development work has been completed on the Iroquois (H-40), a multipurpose combat utility helicopter. For shallow penetration over enemy territory to acquire information and locate targets, the Army in cooperation with the Navy has let a contract for development of the Mohawk, a fixedwing observation airplane designed to cruise at more than 200 knots, and to take off and land on short, unimproved fields near combat areas. To fly 3-ton loads at more than 160 knots, the Army is procuring for evaluation five Caribou (AC-1) twin-engined transport aircraft, manufactured by de Havilland of Canada. If it proves acceptable, Caribou will double the Army's present airlift capability. This craft also can take off and land on short unimproved areas.

AMPHIBIOUS CAPABILITIES. Current developments in armored personnel carriers seek to attain a swim capability to enable these vehicles to cross inland waters unaided. In addition, the incorporation of a float capability in some types of trucks under development will facilitate their crossing streams without the use of bridges or ferries.

For increased amphibious capabilities the Army is developing a beach lighter for landing trucks, tanks, and other vehicles in combat operations. It will be 338 feet long, with a beam of 65 feet,

cruising speed of 12 knots, and range of 4,800 miles.

NEW WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER. Recent advances include the M14 and M15 rifles (the M15 is the M14 equipped with a heavier barrel and bipod, replacing the Browning Automatic Rifle); the M60, designed to fire the 7.62mm NATO round, replacing three present weapons as a general purpose machinegun; an effective one-shot flame thrower, light enough for paratrooper use; the "Dan Patch" mine planter, designed to lay extensive minefields; and new radar equipment which can locate enemy mortars in seconds.

ARTILLERY AND SHELLS. The soI called conventional 280mm gun fires an atomic shell with the same accuracy as a high explosive shell. (This is the gun that has been on delivery to the Seventh Army in Germany.) A previous void in airborne firepower has been filled by the new air-transportable M56 90mm self-propelled gun.

SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES. In this field the Army is developing airborne radar and infrared which provide the means of looking deep into enemy territory. It has also accelerated its research and development in the fields of radio, acoustics, photography, and general electronics.

SURVEILLANCE RADAR SETS. Several types are under development. One, which can be carried by one man, has a range of from 1,000 to 2,000 yards for detecting personnel, and over 4 miles for vehicles. A larger size needs 3 men to transport it; it can detect vehicles 9 miles away. A still larger radar, truckmounted, will detect moving vehicles at up to 22 miles; and aircraft-mounted radars are effective in locating moving targets at up to 40 miles.

SURVEILLANCE DRONES. Due to the effectiveness of modern AA weapons, the reconnaissance of enemy positions by piloted aircraft may at times prove very costly. Accordingly the Army has a program for pilotless

"drone" aircraft to be used for surveillance. Such aircraft could carry a variety of television, photographic, or radar equipment to report enemy positions. They would also provide the local com

mander with an immediately available means of aerial coverage. They would make very poor targets, being much smaller than standard aircraft and built of nonreflecting materials. The Army is concentrating on developing guidance, navigation, and sensory components as well as the craft themselves.

COMMUNICATIONS. The new pentomic concept of ground warfare calls urgently for longer range, higher capacity communications. Under an advanced stage of development is an area communications system consisting of completely automatic telephone switching units which will be interconnected by multichannel, microwave radio relay systems and by miniature coaxial cable. This cable will be no larger than World War II field wire, yet will be capable of carrying a hundred conversations simultaneously. Tactical commanders and staffs will be able to communicate with any unit throughout the battle area, from either aircraft or ground vehicles, using a new lightweight radio which will be connected into the area system through mobile radio switching centers.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS AT THULE AIR BASE. The Army's revolutionary achievement in building this complete base on the Greenland icecap is well known to the public. An important recent field of development is tunneling into the cap for transportation, housing, and storage purposes. Rooms inside the ice have been put into use, 60 ft. square and 23 ft. high, with a fairly constant temperature of between 13° and 17° above zero. This has permitted a variety of living, mechanical, and storage operations at times when the outside temperature was as low as 65° below zero.

NUCLEAR WEAPONS. An important recent achievement has been the progressive development of weapons of smaller "yield" (explosive power), more suitable for certain tactical purposes than the high-yield bombs and shells designed to destroy very large or massive targets. The effects of atomic weapons on personnel and equipment are under close and continuing study. Already developed are various radiation detection instruments, shielding materials, and equipment and techniques for

prediction and warning systems, and for the decontamination of objects which have been contaminated by radiation.

Atomic Energy Commission-Army cooperation in the past year has brought nuclear programs so far that rapid technical progress in the near future is indicated. This progress will materially increase mobility for nuclear weapons and accuracy and selectivity in their

use.

OTHER USES OF ATOMIC POWER. The Army's Package Power Reactor at Fort Belvoir (Va.) was put into operation in 1957 and tied into the local power system. The reactor, a prototype designed to provide heat and electricity for military installations, produces 1,825 KW, enough for a town of 5,000 inhabitants, and has an estimated useful life of 20 years. The first of several designs being developed by the Army, this particular reactor is not intended for air movement. (Later models will be air-transportable, the component parts to be flown into remote or devastated areas and assembled with comparative ease.) Training of Army personnel is concurrent with proof-testing of the equipment.

As a result of Army R&D work, a plant is being established which is further testing the technical and economic feasibility of using ionization radiation to preserve foodstuffs in large quantities for military and civilian needs. In the process, micro-organisms which cause spoilage are killed. The pilot plant of the Army Ionizing Radiation Center is planning to process 1,000 tons of food monthly. It is located at Sharpe General Depot in Stockton, California. Similar studies are projected on leather, textiles, and other materials. Medical Care. Advances in this field include

A vaccine to prevent an acute respiratory disease common to military trainees, saving $7,500,000 annually. Improved surgical techniques and treatment for burns.

Mobile dental vans to serve isolated and widely dispersed troops.

A mask-to-mask resuscitator to provide artificial respiration for nerve gas casualties (an improvement on the resuscitator now in general civilian use).

Hand in hand with the evolution in weapons and techniques of war, resulting from the Army's systematic research program, there necessarily goes a corresponding evolution in organization, training, and management. New developments of this sort do not come within the field of "research and development" as that phrase is used by the Department of the Army, However, they interact with it so closely that a brief reference may be made here to recent advances in these lines.

THE PENTOMIC ORGANIZATION. The new pentomic divisions and missile commands are based on the use of atomic and other modern weapons and equipment, and on the tactical concepts resulting from them. All of the Army's active divisions had been converted to the pentomic organization by the summer of 1958. (See Introduction.)

TRAINING. New developments in this

field include the creation of the Combat Developments Experiment Station and a new system of training for rifle marksmanship. (See chapter 8.)

LOGISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. There have been important recent developments in these fields, designed to speed up and simplify the supply of the Army, save money, and assure cooperation among the Armed Services. They include programs for standardization, miniaturization, interservice supply support, and financial inventory accounting; the establishment of the Federal Supply Control System, the Army Stock Fund, and the Modern Army Supply System (MASS); the development of a plan for national inventory control points; the progressive implementation of the single manager concept; and the increased use of automatic data processing. For details see chapter 10.

Under the overall supervision of the Department of Defense, there are various agencies in the Department of the Army and elsewhere which are involved in the Army's R&D effort.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY LEVEL. In 1955 the Army established the position of Director of Research and Development as a principal assistant to the Secretary of the Army. Thus the role and function of Army research and development was advanced further than at any other time in the service's 183-year-old history. This civilian Director reports directly to the Secretary of the Army. His authority and responsibility equal those of the other Assistant Secretaries of the Army in their respective fields. He is responsible for the Army Research and Development Program.

On the next lower echelon we find the Chief of Research and Development. This officer serves as a Deputy to the Army Chief of Staff. He is directly responsible to him for the overall supervision of all Army R&D pro

grams-development of equipment and conduct of research in both the materiel and nonmateriel fields to meet present and future Army needs. He is not yet called a Deputy Chief of Staff-these positions are fixed by law-but has the status of, and functions in the same manner as, the actual Deputy Chiefs. His office has three main directoratesspecial weapons, research, and development.

At Department of the Army level is the Army Scientific Advisory Panel (ASAP). This group was formed in 1951 to utilize fully the specialized knowledge and broad managerial experience that exists within the nation's colleges and universities, private nonprofit foundations and research organizations, industry, business and the professions, and government departments and agencies. It began as a small and informal organization to advise the Secretary of the Army on scientific and technical matters. In 1954 it became a permanent body. Four scientific subpanels were organized, on firepower,

communications and electronics, mobility, and CBR warfare. A subpanel on human factors was added later. Recently the mobility subpanel was divided into two separate subpanels, on ground and air mobility, respectively. A subpanel on operations analysis was then added, bringing the total to seven.

Other important groups are the Materiel Requirements Review Committee and the Research and Development Review Board. The former reviews major items of equipment, establishes bases of issue of adopted items, and submits recommendations to the Chief of Staff based on a continuing review and resolution of the materiel requirements of the Army. The latter agency reviews program requests and budget estimates on R&D submitted by the General Staff, the technical services, and operating agencies in the R&D field.

The National Inventors Council, Department of Commerce, composed of

qualified civilian scientists and engineers and members of the military services, receives, from individuals and organizations, ideas, suggestions, inventions and the like which to varying degrees have already been developed. The members evaluate each suggestion or invention and, if warranted, refer it to the appropriate research and development agency of the Department of Defense for further study.

THE SERVICES; R&D FIELD AGENCIES. The seven technical services carry the main responsibility for research and development in the Army. The Chiefs of these services report to the Chief of Research and Development on R&D matters. In turn, the Chief of Research and Development advises the Chief of Staff, the Director of Research and Development, and the Secretary of the Army. He also reviews, coordinates, plans, initiates, and formulates policies, procedures, and programs for Army R&D activities.

ORDNANCE

CHEMICAL

SIGNAL

ENGINEERS

MEDICAL