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Far East Medical Research Unit, Tokyo, Japan

Medical Research Unit, Malaya

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation R&D Command, Fort Eustis, Virginia

ENVIRONMENTAL TEST STATIONS

Yuma Test Station, Yuma, Arizona

Fort Churchill, Canada

CONARC TEST FACILITIES

U.S. Army Combat Development and Experimental Center, Fort Ord, California
U.S. Army Artillery Board, Fort Sill, Oklahoma

U.S. Army Armor Board, Fort Knox, Kentucky

U.S. Army Infantry Board, Fort Benning, Georgia

U.S. Army Air Defense Board, Fort Bliss, Texas

U.S. Army Airborne and Electronics Board, Fort Bragg, North Carolina

U.S. Army Aviation Board, Fort Rucker, Alabama

U.S. Army Arctic Test Board, Fort Greely, Alaska

ARMY WIDE

Human Resources Research Office, Washington, D. C.

U.S. Army Armor Human Research Unit, Fort Knox, Kentucky

U.S. Army Leadership Human Research Unit, Presidio of Monterey, Calif.

U.S. Army Infantry Human Research Unit, Fort Benning, Georgia

U.S. Army Air Defense Human Research Unit, Fort Bliss, Texas

Army Participating Group, Naval Training Devices Center, Port Washington, N. Y.
Special Operations Research Office, American University, Washington, D. C.
Operations Research Office, Chevy Chase, Maryland

Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
U.S.A. R&D Liaison Group, Frankfurt, Germany

CIVILIAN COOPERATION. It would be neither economical nor practicable to conduct all Army R&D projects with Army personnel in Army installations. Outside help from the civilian world is therefore sought and used on a large scale. This is done by contracts made with commercial organizations, research foundations, and educational institutions. Such contracts are usually awarded by one of the Army technical services, with which the agency deals direct. In general they are based on negotiation rather than on advertising and competitive bids.

Many recent achievements in the R&D field were attained by the use of civilian facilities and skills. In the creation of Nike-Hercules the Ordnance Corps worked with Western Electric, Bell Telephone Laboratories, and Douglas Aircraft. For Hawk the prime contractor is Raytheon Mfg. Co. and the major subcontractor is Northrop Aviation Co. of California. The solid fuel engine of Hawk was developed by Thiokol Chemical Corp. at its Redstone Arsenal installation. Honest John was developed by Douglas Aircraft and Emerson Electric Mfg. Co., working with Army personnel. Dart involved a high degree of civilian cooperation.

Redstone (the missile) is also the joint product of the Army and private industry. In charge of its development was the nationally-known civilian authority, Dr. Wernher von Braun, who

then headed the Guided Missile Development Division. (In 1956 this division was transferred to the new Army Ballistic Missile Agency, created to make the missile operational as soon as possible.)

Lacrosse was developed by Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc. The Martin Company is the prime contractor for production, and the rocket motor will be produced by Thiokol. Sergeant was developed by the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Sperry Gyroscope is prime contractor for its production. The rocket motor will be produced by Thiokol at their Utah Division facilities near Brigham City; it was developed at Thiokol's Redstone Division. Motorola Corporation and the Bell Telephone Laboratories have worked with the Army Signal Corps in developing the Army's mobile radio switching center described above. Prime contractor for Army high endurance surveillance drones is Fairchild Aircraft and Engine Corporation. Texas Instruments of Dallas, Texas, is a major subcontractor for airborne surveillance radar. The ground radar guidance system is being developed by Ford Instrument Company.

Aero Neutronics, a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, is developing a Tactical Operations Center under direction of the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, with close guidance by the Army Command and General Staff College. This Center

will use a mobile digital computercalled MOBIDIC by the Army-which was developed by Sylvania.

COORDINATION. Due to the complexities of modern military equipment, R&D work leading to the development of some new weapon or device may come within the purview of two or more of the technical services. Also, such work may affect still other branches of the Army, or even the other Armed Services. To meet this situation there are technical committees which give official approval and recognition to any new R&D project, and enable the technical services and the other military departments to learn of it in time to initiate projects of their own for their part of the complete weapon system. On the Ordnance Technical Committee, for example, there are representatives of each of the technical services and a member from the office of the Chief of R&D. When projects discussed are of concern to the Navy and the Air Force, members of these Services are often present.

At Department of the Army level there is the Research and Development Review Board. At the next higher level the Department of Defense's Research and Engineering Coordinating Committees examine proposed R&D projects to avoid duplication and overlapping. Each military department is represented. A representative of the Secretary of Defense attends. This formal coordinating mechanism at the highest level is conducted by scientific and engineering experts in their respective fields.

In addition, there are joint committees which include, besides Army, Navy, and Air Force representatives, members from the National Research Council, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Civil Aeronautics Administration, Civil Aeronautics Board, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Central Intelligence Agency, National Science Foundation, and Department of Commerce. Some committees have Government-wide and British and Canadian Army representation as well.

INTERSERVICE COOPERATION. A

satisfactory R&D program for the three Armed Services calls for harmonious cooperation among them, not

only at the top but at all levels. It should be stated here that such cooperation is the rule and that the reverse is the exception. One of many examples that may be given is the conference of Army and Air Force ballistic missile experts at the Army's Redstone Arsenal, in the fall of 1957, to exchange technical information on the Jupiter and Thor IRBM missile projects. A news release, following the conference, stated that". . . the Army is continuing this development (Jupiter) under authority of the Secretary of Defense, who has determined that operational employment of the IRBM will be the responsibility of the Air Force. . . . The sole interest of both uniformed services is to provide the best IRBM at the earliest practicable date in the urgent interest of national defense. It is to achieve this objective that we have committed all resources, manpower, facilities, and funds for the purpose. Out of this joint effort will emerge the weapons systems determined essential to the security of our country."

The marriage of theory and practice in interservice cooperation occurs in the field as well. For example, recently a runway on Fletcher's Ice Island in the North Polar Sea proved unsatisfactory. The Army provided prompt emergency aid for the Air Force through its First Engineer Arctic Task Force, which repaired the airstrip. Again, when the ice airfield at McMurdo Sound, resupply point for Little America, began breaking up at a critical point in Navy operations, that service radioed the Army's Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Establishment, 7,000-odd

miles away, and the Army responded immediately. The establishment's Dr. Andrew Assur was flown to the South Pole, with stops only to refuel or change planes. Taking advantage of the higher freezing point of fresh water ice as opposed to salt or sea water ice, Dr. Assur reconnected the separated sections of the airfield by pouring fresh water and fresh water ice into the breaks. It had appeared that the base would have to be abandoned. Now Navy operations were able to continue. Dr. Assur was recommended for the Navy's highest civilian award.

AWARDS AND DECORATIONS

The origin of medals and similar devices, as a recognition of special acts of public service, is lost in antiquity. In most foreign countries there are "Orders," the lineal descendants of the Orders of Chivalry of the Middle Ages. They are sometimes but not always divided into several classes, corresponding to the rank of the member and the value of the service rewarded. Examples of orders are the Order of the Garter (English), the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish and formerly Austrian), and the Legion of Honor (French).

The United States does not have such orders. It does, however, like other countries, have certain decorations, service medals, etc., which are awarded to members or units of the Armed Forces, and in some cases to civilians. No American decoration awarded to Americans is divided into different classes nor does possession of one entitle the holder to membership in any society.

The first American military decoration, the Badge for Military Merit, was established by Washington in 1782. It has been allowed to fall into disuse, although three existing decorations, the Legion of Merit, the Purple Heart, and the Medal for Merit, stem from it. Our present Army system of decorations is traceable only to the Civil War, when Congress, on 12 July 1862, established the Medal of Honor as an award to members of the Army. (As a Navy award it had been created on 21 December 1861.) Subsequent legislation has authorized the various other awards in use today.

American awards to military personnel fall into two main categories, individual and unit. Individual awards, in turn, are divided into decorations for valor, decorations for service, service medals, and badges. Foreign awards and decorations may be worn under certain conditions. There are also awards for civilians. These are discussed in detail below.

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WHEN AWARDED. To be eligible for any of the above, an individual must have performed an act or service of the nature described in the law and regulations bearing on the award. Normally there must be a formal recommendation by one or more persons having firsthand knowledge of the circumstances. However, the decision is made by higher authority, and a recommendation does not in itself insure an award. Current law and regulations require that the award be made within three years of the act or service which is being recognized.

MEDALS AND RIBBONS. American decorations are in the form of medals of various designs. Each has a suspension ribbon of distinctive colors; and also, corresponding to each, there is a "service ribbon" of the same colors. The medals, when worn, are placed on the left side of the breast, from right to left of the wearer in order of precedence, in one or more rows above the breast pocket; an exception is the Medal of Honor, worn suspended by a neck ribbon. However, the wearing of medals is usually confined to special ceremonial or social occasions." At other times, when the recipient is in uniform, he wears the corresponding service ribbons in the same place and order. For civilian wear, a lapel rosette for the Medal of Honor and enameled lapel buttons for other decorations may be worn. Foreign medals are in some cases worn on the left breast, in others around the neck or elsewhere.

MULTIPLE AWARDS. Not more than one of any particular decoration or service medal may be awarded to the same person, except in the case of a posthumous award of the Purple Heart. This statement refers to the medal itself. However, one person may receive the same decoration more than once for different acts or services, or may become eligible more than once for a particular service medal. In the case of a multiple decoration, a bronze oakleaf cluster is placed on the suspension ribbon and service ribbon to indicate a second award; two such clusters for a third award; etc. One silver cluster takes the place of five bronze clusters.

Other devices (see below) are used to indicate multiple awards of service medals.

PRESENTATION. When practicable, the presentation of a decoration other than the Medal of Honor is made at a formal ceremony in the presence of troops. The citation is read aloud, and the medal pinned upon the individual's chest by a senior officer. The Medal of Honor is normally presented to living winners by the President of the United States. A notation of each award is entered in the individual's personnel record. An embossed certificate, suitable for framing, is authorized for issuance with each military decoration.

INTERSERVICE AWARDS. The Medals of Honor of the Army, Navy, and Air Force may be awarded only to members of their respective Services. All other Army decorations may be awarded to members of the Navy or Air Force if serving with the Army, and vice versa. Under special circumstances the Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal, and Purple Heart may be awarded to civilians.

REPLACEMENTS. If a decoration is lost, destroyed, or rendered unfit for use through no fault or neglect of the recipient, a replacement may be obtained by addressing a request to The Adjutant General of the Army, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C., with a brief statement of the circumstances. Service medals, badges, etc., may similarly be reissued at cost price.

EXTRA PAY. At times in the past, extra pay has been given to recipients of decorations for valor. In general this is no longer true. However, holders of the Medal of Honor who reach age 65 may apply to The Adjutant General to have their names placed on the Medal of Honor Roll, established by Act of Congress in 1916, which carries a life time pension of $10 per month dividuals retired from the A have been awarded the Me or the Distinguished Se have their retired pa

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2 Miniature medals are sometimes worn on formal social occasions.

75% of the base pay on which retirement is computed.

DESCRIPTION OF DECORATIONS. Below are given the basis on which each decoration is awarded and a description of the medals and ribbons.

Medal of Honor. Awarded to those members of the Army who distinguish themselves conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in action involving actual conflict with an enemy. Medal: a five-pointed star, surrounded by a laurel wreath suspended from a bronze bar bearing the inscription "For Valor," and surmounted by an eagle. In the center of the star is a head of Minerva, encircled by the inscription "United States of America." Ribbon: light blue, with 13 white stars. For a list of the recipients of the Medal of Honor since 1917, see below.

Distinguished Service Cross. Awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity in the Army, distinguishes himself by extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy. Medal: a bronze cross with an eagle in the center; below, a scroll inscribed "For Valor." Ribbon: a broad band of blue, bordered on both edges by narrow stripes of red and white.

Distinguished Service Medal. Awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity in the Army, distinguishes himself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a position of great responsibility. Medal: the coat of arms of the United States in bronze, surrounded by a circle of dark blue enamel, with the inscription. "For Distinguished Service MCMXVIII." Ribbon: a broad band of white, bordered on both edges by narrow stripes of blue and red.

Silver Star. May be retroactively awarded to those individuals who, prior to 7 December 1941, were cited for gallantry in action in orders of a general officer, in circumstances not warranting the award of the Medal of Honor or Distinguished Service Cross. It is also awarded to persons serving in any capacity with the Army who, after

7 December 1941, distinguish themselves by gallantry in action not warranting the award of a Medal of

Honor or Distinguished Service Cross. Medal: a small silver star superimposed on a bronze star, the rays of the two coinciding. Ribbon: stripes of blue, white, blue, white, red, white, blue, white, blue.

Legion of Merit. Awarded, without reference to degree, to members of the Armed Forces of the United States who, while serving in any capacity with the Army, distinguish themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services. Also, in four degrees (Chief Commander, Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire), awarded to personnel of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations who distinguish themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services. Medal: a five-pointed white star, of heraldic form, bordered in purplish red enamel, centered with a constellation of 13 white stars on a blue enameled field breaking through a circle of clouds. The star is backed by a laurel wreath, interlaced with crossed war arrows in gold, pointing outward. Ribbon: purple-red edged with white.

Distinguished Flying Cross. Awarded to any member of the Armed Forces who, after 6 April 1917, distinguishes himself by heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight. Medal: a four-bladed propeller on a bronze cross patee. Ribbon: blue, white, blue, white, red, white, blue, white, blue (the same sequence of colors as the ribbon of the Silver Star above).

Soldier's Medal. Awarded to any member of the Armed Forces who, while serving in any capacity with the Army, distinguishes himself by heroism not involving actual conflict with an enemy. Medal: a bronze octagon on which is displayed an eagle standing on fasces between two groups of stars and above a spray of leaves. Ribbon: two outside stripes of blue; between them, 13 red and white stripes.

Bronze Star Medal. Awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity in or with the Army, distinguishes himself on or after 7 December 1941 by heroic action in combat against the armed enemy in operations, or by meritorious achievement or service in

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