Scriven, George P. Scully, James W. Seals, Carl H. Seaman, A. Owens Searby, Edmund W. Searcy, Cyrus H. Sears, Clinton B. Seeley, Sam F. Seeman, Lyle E. Seitz, John A. Seleen, Paul M. Shadle, Charles S. Shaler, Charles Shaler, Harrison Shaw, Frederick B. Shaw, George C. Shearer, Alfred M. Sheep, William L. Shekerjian, Haig Sheldon, Charles A. Shelton, Cyrus Q. Shelton, George M. Sherburne, John H. Sheridan, Michael V. Sherman, Harry B. Sherrill, Stephen H. Shingler, Don G. Shinkle, John G. Shipton, James A. Shockley, M. A. W. Shugg, Roland P. Shuler, William R. Sibley, Alden K. Sibley, Cleland C. Sigerfoos, Edward Simmons, Benjamin Simmons, James S. Simpson, Bethel W. Simpson, John .14 Feb 13-13 Feb 17 23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 .24 Jun 42-31 Jan 45 18 Dec 36-31 Jul 40 ..19 Mar 43-14 Sep 44 7 Jan 45-31 Jul 47 .2 Jun 08-2 Jun 08 18 Jul 50-31 Jul 58 14 Jul 55 30 Aug 58 30 Jul 52-30 Sep 55 25 May 44-31 Oct 47 19 Jan 05-19 Jan 05 15 Sep 52-31 Aug 54 ..1 Oct 18-30 Jun 33 25 Jun 29-6 Mar 30 .25 Jun 50-31 Jun 51 .1 Oct 40-31 Oct 45 30 Jun 42-30 Sep 46 .3 Sep 54-31 Oct 56 ? -31 Aug 54 26 Jun 18- ? ...26 Jun 18- ? 1 Aug 35-28 Feb 37 .23 May 42-31 May 52 .21 Mar 57 9 May 57 .14 Jun 53-30 Sep 54 4 Oct 18 ? T...1 Oct 18-3 Jul 22 14 Mar 43-31 Oct 46 14 Feb 42-30 Nov 46 .17 Aug 03-18 Aug 03 L...23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 ..3 Nov 43-31 Aug 54 .1 Oct 36-31 Aug 40 Simpson, Marcus D. Sims, Leonard H. Singleton, Asa L. Skelton, Winfred G. Slack, Julius E. Sladen, Fred W., Jr. Slaughter, Willis R. Slavens, Thomas H. Sliney, George W. Slocum, LeCount H. Smedberg, William R. Smith, Abiel L. Smith, Albert D. (Ret) Smith, Alfred T. Smith, Alfred T. Smith, Allen Smith, Benjamin M. Smith, Charles S. Smith, C. Coburn, Jr. Smith, Edward W. Smith, Edward W. Smith, Frank G. Smith, Frederick A. Smith, George R. ? -31 Aug 54 .29 Apr 43-30 Sep 51 10 Aug 54 13 Sep 52-30 Jun 54 .11 Sep 23-18 Jan 27 .9 Aug 44-31 Mar 49 8 Dec 42-31 Jul 54 ...1 Oct 18- ? 21 Sep 16-3 Jan 18 ..3 Mar 44-14 Mar 47 .23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 1 Jan 33-31 May 38 18 Mar 05- 18 Mar 05 .23 Aug 40- ? 9 Oct 07-26 Dec 07 ..18 Jun 56 16 Jan 45-31 Oct 46 .3 Aug 03-4 Aug 03 24 Oct 08-15 May 13 Smith, Frederick H., Jr. ...12 Nov 43-USAF Smith, George S. 16 Feb 12-15 Feb 13 .7 Jun 45-31 Jul 54 .1 Jun 1900-16 Jul 02 13 Apr 03-14 Apr 04 28 May 44-USAF .23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 8 Jan 45-USAF .2 Nov 42-31 Aug 46 .1 Oct 18- ? 23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Smith, Jacob H. ..30 Jun 57 Snyder, Howard McC. Jr...8 Oct 58 Snyder, Simon .4 May 1898-10 May 02 7 Nov 44 ? .1 Oct 40-30 Jun 42 ......26 Apr 43-USAF Starr, Rupert E. Stockton, Marcellus L., Stokes, Marcus B., Jr. Stoughton, Tom R. Stowell, James S. Strahm, Victor H. Stratton, James H. Strickland, Auby C. Strong, Alden G. Strong, Paschal N. Strong, Robert W. Strother, Dean C. Stuart, LaRhett L. Styer, Henry D. Sullivan, Charles W. Sullivan, John B. Sullivan, William E. R. Summers, John E. Summers, Owen Suter, Charles R. Svensson, Eric H. F. Swartz, Charles H. Swatland, Donald C. Sweany, Kenneth S. Sweet, Joseph B. Sweet, Owen J. Sweetzer, E. LeRoy Sydenham, Henry R. Symmonds, Charles J. Taber. Alden P. Talbot, Ralph Jr. Talley, Benjamin B. Tank, Charles F. Tarrant, Legare K. Tate, Foster J. Tate, Ralph H. Taylor, Asher C. Taylor, Frank Taylor, George A. Taylor, James Taylor, Robert K. Taylor, Victor V. Taylor, Willis R. Taylor, Yantis H. ........15 Jun 45 USAF .22 Feb 44 USAF Thomas, Charles E., Jr. .17 Sep 43-USAF 28 Feb 43-USAF Timberlake, Edward W. 25 Jun 43-31 Jul 50 Timberlake, Patrick W. ..2 Nov 42-USAF Timmes, Charles J. .29 Sep 57— Timothy, Patrick H...20 Mar 45-31 Oct 46 .... 22 Jul 42 ? 18 Nov 44-USAF ..23 Apr 04 23 Apr 04 ..4 Feb 43 Tourtellot, George P. Travis, Robert F. ? ..4 May 43-USAF .8 Aug 18- ? .30 Jul 56 ....6 Feb 41 ? ..1 Jan 33-31 Jul 35 ....22 Jan 04-23 Jan 04 3d ..1 May 57 Tripp, Guy E. 17 Mar 45-31 Dec 51 .23 Feb 44-31 Aug 54 ....30 Jun 43-USAF .3 Nov 43- ? 28 Mar 06-29 Mar 06 ? .22 Feb 44-31 Oct 54 ..19 Mar 45-30 Jun 53 .1 Oct 36-30 Apr 40 ....25 Jul 17- ? Tuthill, Alexander M...5 Aug 17- ? -31 Jul 54 Vanderveer, Harold C...14 Feb 42-31 Aug 49 Van Horn, Robert O. ...1 Dec 33-31 Aug 40 Van Horne, William M...23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Van Syckle, David L. ..27 Jul 53-30 Jun 56 Van Vliet, Robert C. ....5 Aug 17-8 Jun 18 Van Voast, James .23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Van Volkenburgh, Robert H. 29 Sep 41-28 Feb 50 ? ---31 Aug 54 5 Aug 17 ? Van Voorst, Marion ....18 Jan 45-31 Dec 50 19 Jul 42 ? 16 Feb 42-31 Oct 48 .2 Apr 47-30 Sep 51 .9 Dec 54 22 Mar 45-USAF .4 Jan 45-31 Aug 47 15 Sep 43-30 Nov 46 .4 Aug 58 Wedgwood, Edgar A. ....5 Aug 17- ? .5 Aug 03-6 Aug 03 24 May 42-30 Sep 47 .1 Oct 18-19 Jun 32 17 Sep 42-30 Jun 46 2 Oct 58 ...17 Nov 44-USAF ..30 Jul 54-30 Jun 57 ..15 Mar 42-12 Aug 44 .23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 .27 Jun 57 Wheelen, James N. .18 Jan 45-31 Jul 53 15 Jun 06-15 Jun 06 4 Jul 56 6 Sep 42--30 Sep 46 ..16 Apr 30-28 Feb 34 ? Whitelaw, John L. ....21 Mar 43-31 Jul 55 .26 Apr 04-26 Apr 04 .5 Aug 17-16 Aug 20 1 Oct 18-1 Nov 19 .2 May 43-31 Aug 44 .9 Sep 44- ? ....11 Jun 51-31 Jul 53 9 Sep 44-31 Aug 54 Williams, Constant ..12 Jul 04-25 May 07 Williams, Harry C...13 Jun 40-14 Dec 27 Williams, Herbert O. ..1 Oct 18-31 Aug 30 Williams, John G. 4 Feb 43-USAF Williams, L. Kemper 7 Nov 44 ? Aug 51 ? Aug 54 ? Jan 44 Oct 52-30 Sep 54 4 May 1898-15 Jul 1900 Wilson, Alexander ....30 Jan 42-31 Aug 46 Wilson, Charles I. Wilson, James K., Wilson, John H. Wilson, John M. Wilson, Russell A. Wilson, Vennard Wilson, William Wilson, William L. Wingate, George A. Winn, John S. Winn, John S., Jr. Winslow, E. Eveleth .23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Jr. 31 Mar 55..8 Nov 44-30 Sep 46 .1 Feb 1897-30 Apr 01 .29 Feb 44-6 Mar 44 .15 Jul 48-30 Mar 53 ? Sep 56 ? 15 Jul 17.15 Jul 52-30 ...12 Apr 18 17 Dec 17-31 Jul 22 .17 Sep 43-30 Nov 48 ..5 Aug 17- ? . Wint, Theodore J. .9 Jun 02-21 Mar 07 Winter, Francis A. ....1 May 18-1 Sep 22 Wirt, Davis ..23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Wisser, John P. 16 May 13-19 Jul 16 Wolf, Paul A. .17 Dec 17-31 Dec 32 Wolfe, Henry C. 18 Sep 42-31 May 50 Wood, Edward E. .17 Sep 10-17 Sep 10 Wood, Eric F. .17 Feb 41- ? Wood, Henry C. .23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Wood, Jack W. .21 Nov 44—ÜSAF Wood, John E. 3 Aug 42-31 Jul 49 Wood, John R. .7 Jul 55-31 Jul 56 Wood, Myron R. .25 Jun 43-29 Oct 46 Wood, Oliver E. .1 Oct 06-1 Oct 06 Wood, Palmer G. .16 Feb 06-17 Feb 06 Wood, Robert E. .15 Apr 18-1 Mar 19 Wood, Sterling A. ....26 Sep 50-31 Aug 54 Wood, William H. ...15 Apr 54-31 May 56 Wood, William T. .18 Feb 18-15 Jul 19 Woodberry, John H. 4 Jun 45-31 Aug 46 Woodbury, Murray C...29 Feb 44- ? Woodcock, Amos W. W. 11 Oct 40- ? Woodhull, Alfred A. ..23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Woodruff, Carle A. ..10 Aug 03-11 Aug 03 Woodruff, Charles A. .27 Jul 03-28 Jul 03 Woodward, George A. ..23 Apr 04-23 Apr 04 Woodward, John E. ..8 Aug 18- ? Woodward, Samuel L. .8 Jul 04-9 Jul 04 Woodward, William R...28 Nov 55Woodward, William R. ..4 Dec 42-31 Oct 50 Wooley, George F., Jr. ? 14 Jan 45-30 Apr 49 Woolfley, Francis A. ..16 Mar 43-30 Apr 53 Woolnough, James K...17 Aug 54— Worsham, Ludson D. 12 May 43-30 Nov 48 Wright, Boykin C. ....2 May 43Wright, William H. S. ..1 Aug 58Wylie, Robert H. Wyllie, Robert E. Yancey, Thomas R. Yates, Arthur W. Yates, Donald L. Yeager, Emer Yeatman, Richard T. Yenter, Raymond A. Young, Elmer W. Young, Gordon R. .5 Jul 44-31 May 51 Young, Laurence W. ..1 Sep 41-31 Jan 44 Young, Mason J. .23 Sep 50-31 Jul 53 Young, Richard W. ....12 Apr 18- ? Youngberg, Gilbert A. 13 Jun 40-23 Aug 26 Youngblood, Norman E. 1 Nov 56Younger, James W. Zalinski, Moses G. Zierath, Frederick R. Zimmerman, Charles Zitzman, Kenneth F. Zundel, Edwin A. ......4 Dec 42-28 Feb 47 .13 Jun 40-30 Dec 30 ..31 Aug 56 .9 Jul 26-1 Aug 27 ..5 Feb 47-USAF .17 Sep 43-30 Sep 45 . .22 May 09-5 Jun 09 ..24 Oct 40- ? 18 Jul 54 16 Mar 45-31 Dec 46 19 Apr 25-23 Jan 27 .14 Feb 56 X. 15 Jul 17 .25 Jun 56 .7 Jul 44-31 Jan 53 Chapter 21 GENERAL INFORMATION THE ARMY INFORMATION PROGRAM The Army's information program may be thought of as having two principal ends. In part it is directed to the Army's own personnel ("troop information"). In part it serves the general public, Congress, and public agencies of all types. TROOP INFORMATION; ITS MEANING AND NEED. One of the outstanding characteristics of the American soldier is that he wants to be told what it is all about. This is merely an intensification of a trait that penetrates our society. The normal inquisitive American is constantly looking for the answers to the national and community problems that confront him and affect his well-being. Through the medium of newspapers, radio and other organs of publicity he is used to getting answers; on the average, fairly correct and reasonable ones. This alert, constructive curiosity, which operates in his peacetime civilian life, becomes stronger when he joins the Army. Here, at a moment's notice, he may find himself in a situation where he must undergo discomfort, extreme fatigue, and physical danger. Naturally he wants to know why this is necessary. Also, assuming that it is necessary, he wants to be convinced that the authorities who demand his obedience understand their job, and that their actions and orders are based on some intelligent plan to which his own efforts and sacrifices will be a worthwhile contribution. "Troop Information" is that aspect of military leadership which meets this demand, and thereby makes for intelligent, willing and effective service by all concerned. By the skillful use of troop information the commander develops in the soldier an understanding of his role in the Army, and keeps him informed of events, conditions, policies, and official actions which affect him as an individual. To provide this orientation is a constant responsibility of leaders in every stage of training and combat. It requires the commander to know what information his men want or will want, and then to furnish itquickly, factually, and completely. In the absence of such factual answers from an authoritative source, the soldier is likely to accept any statement, explanation, or rumor which he happens to hear from any other source and which sounds plausible. This state of mind can destroy morale, promote disaffection, and-in extreme cases-provide a receptive atmosphere for deliberate subversion by hostile agencies. Fact, although not a complete answer to subversion, is a most powerful weapon against it. Troop information in today's Army starts with the assumed existing foundation of moral values, patriotism, and good citizenship, which should be-and usually is provided for an American in childhood by his home, his church, and his school. It builds on this foundation; at the same time it seeks to correct, in each individual, any deficiencies in the foundation itself, and to develop his understanding of fundamental human rights and duties and of American principles and ideals. The historical precedents for troop information span our entire military history. George Washington, in 1775, issued instructions "to impress upon the mind of every man, from the first to the lowest, the importance of the cause, and what it is they are contending for." This was troop information. No successful American commander since that day has ignored its imperatives. Sound troop information is especially important in a war which (1) involves grave national peril, and (2) must be fought primarily by a large "citizen army" rather than a small body of career professionals. Between 1783 and 1941 we fought only two such wars. In one, the Civil War, the questions at issue had been so long and so hotly discussed by the nation that both sides entered the conflict with fairly definite -if not always accurate-views on why it was their duty to fight. In World War I there was less preparation of public opinion; but the information and propaganda services of the Entente powers, plus American publicity sources, had pretty well convinced our people, by the spring of 1917, that we ought to come in. Nevertheless our troop information in that war had many weaknesses, which sometimes produced adverse effects on the troops. With the approach of World War II a situation arose that had no exact precedent in our previous history. In mid1939 the Regular Army (which then included all landbased military aviation) numbered less than 190,000. Following the outbreak of the war in Europe our Administration came increasingly to believe that we must build up a powerful Army. The Presidential proclamation of a "state of limited emergency" was issued in September 1939; and in the next two years (to December 1941) the Active Army was expanded to 1,686,000 and put into intensive training. But while this was going on, it was politically necessary for the Administration to assure and reassure the nation that there would be no foreign war. Thus, a million and a half young Americans suddenly found their normal lives disrupted, and themselves subjected to a gruelling regime of physical and mental effort in an alien atmosphere, for reasons frequently beyond their comprehension. The need for adequate troop information at such a time was dramatically demonstrated in 1941 by the so-called "OHIO" movement-"Over the hill in October." Public uncertainty and reluctance to accept the imminent threat of war, and isolationist sentiment hostile to mobilization, were reflected in the attitude of the bewildered draftees, already receptive to criticism of anything military. In August 1941 “Life” magazine released a story on morale conditions in the Army which shocked the country. The report declared that 50 percent of the men in one division had announced that they would desert after their year's period of service was over. It concluded that "The most important single reason for the bad morale of this division appears to be national uncertainty. As far as the men can see, the Army has no goal.” (Italics added.) The "New York Times" called on an experienced reserve officer (Hilton H. Railey) to dig out the facts. His findings, which reinforced the "Life" article, were so grave in detail and implication that the "Times" withheld them from the public and sent them to the War Department. As a result of this and other reports, General Marshall issued a directive to the War Department Bureau of Public Relations to prepare informational lectures to acquaint the soldiers with the events which had compelled America to rearm. It was the beginning of the formal Army-wide orientation course of World War II. As an organized, systematic approach to informing the troops, it had tremendous effect throughout the war in crystallizing in the minds of soldiers an understanding of the ideals for which they fought. With the outbreak of the Korean conflict we faced again the situation of a large number of American soldiers suddenly involved in an unexpected war, the meaning and need of which many of them did not grasp. Once more the absolute necessity for a clear understanding of the "Why" was grimly illustrated. Too many of those faced with capture lacked the faith in and understanding of their American heritage which was needed to sustain them through the hardships of imprisonment. In May of 1955 the Secretary of Defense appointed a Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War to examine the |