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The Army Lineage Book, Vol. II: Infantry

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12 Jul 1946-31 Mar 1949 1 Apr 1949-31 Jan 1953

1 Feb 1953-9 Sep 1955 6 Feb 1956-17 Oct 1956 18 Oct 1956

.Maj. Gen. Edwin F. Harding Maj. Gen. Harry J. Malony Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward Maj. Gen. Albert C. Smith Maj. Gen. John H. Stokes, Jr. .Maj. Gen. Richard W. Stephens

Units of the modern United States Army, highly mechanized, armed and equipped with complex weapons, located all over the world, must be organized, fed, housed, clothed, paid and transported, and must be trained in ever-changing combat tactics and duties, in the operation and care of their weapons and equipment, and in the related technical, professional, and supply activities. Military personnel and civilian employees must be recruited, appointed, assigned, classified, promoted, separated, retired. Units and individuals alike must be instructed in security and safety measures; mail service must be operated world-wide; dependents must have schools and quarters; communication networks must be operated and maintained; every item of supply. from a 2-inch bolt or a "walkie-talkie" to a tractor bulldozer or a Corporal missile, must be bought, catalogued, stored, and issued. Organization, functions, and responsibilities must be delineated for agencies and commands, from the Office of the Chief of Staff to the small unit on detached duty at a remote base in the Arctic. Off-duty recreation, religious facilities, and legal assistance and counsel for military personnel must be provided. Thus the administration and operation of the vast Army Establishment requires the mass communication of policies, orders, regulations, instructions, and information; and this in turn requires many kinds of publications.

The Army publication system, developed and standardized through the years, encompasses three broad primary areas: administration, training, and supply. Within each of these,

several different types of publications, commonly referred to as media, are used to communicate the subject matter.

ADMINISTRATIVE PUBLICATIONS. These deal with such subjects as establishing and naming, or discontinuing, posts, camps, and stations; policies and regulations governing wearing of the uniform; pay and allowances; physical examination for appointment or promotion; qualification and eligibility requirements for admission to Army service schools; salutes and ceremonies; accounting and fiscal procedures; keeping and disposing of records and files; security and safety; Army correspondence; implementation of public laws, executive orders, and proclamations affecting the Army. In this group are General Orders, Army Regulations, Circulars, Bulletins, and Civilian Personnel Regulations.

TRAINING PUBLICATIONS. These in turn are divided into two groupstactical and technical.

Tactical Publications. These cover military strategy and instruction in the employment of combat troop units, such as armor, antiaircraft, infantry, and guided missile; prescribe the activities of the members of each unit with respect to the use of their weapons and other equipment, and the performance of their duties, in combat, and deal with such subjects as drills and ceremonies, camouflage, map reading, hand-to-hand combat, and the specialized aspects of airborne, amphibious, desert, jungle, and Arctic operations. In this group are Field Manuals, Training Circulars, Graphic Training Aids, and others.

Technical Publications. These are intended to convey instruction of a scientific, professional, or other highly skilled category. Examples of the subjects covered are mapping and surveying; construction of roads, bridges, airfields, and other military installations and structures; operation of railroads; and the operation, repair, assembly, disassembly, care and maintenance of all items of Army equipment, from the hand grenade or rifle carried by the infantry soldier to the complex and electronically controlled Nike missile. Included in this group of publications are Technical Manuals, Technical Bulletins, Lubrication Orders, and Modification Work Orders.

SUPPLY MANUALS AND SUPPLY BULLETINS. These deal with technical aspects of supply, including the manner of identifying a desired item in such terms that it can be accurately requisitioned from a depot and correctly de

livered to the user. A system of supply manuals deals with Federal stock numbers, item identification, repair parts allowances, units of issue and expendability, and similar topics. Supply manuals support and complement the technical manuals on equipment to which they relate, and the Tables of Allowance and Tables of Organization and Equipment, which are the authoritative documents for the organization of a unit and the supply of its basic equipment.

Information which does not fit into any of the above categories of publication is published as a pamphlet. These cover a wide variety of subjects, such as information for dependents going overseas; foreign language guides and phrase books; personal conduct of the soldier; voting; historical studies; foreign weapons and equipment; and indexes of Army publications.

Psychological warfare has become one of the "magic" phrases of present day conversation. Its name suggests intrigue; it is linked with the mysterious. But in reality, "PsyWar," as it is commonly called, is not complicated or difficult to understand. It is merely waging war against the enemy with words and ideas rather than steel. Its users define PsyWar as the planned use of propaganda and informational measures, directed at foreign groups, and designed to influence opinions, attitudes, and actions in such a way as to support the accomplishment of our national objectives and the military mission. It seeks to encourage those who are hostile to the enemy regime (friendly foreign groups) and to demoralize those who support it. Effectively carried out, PsyWar campaigns lower the effectiveness of the enemy's armed forces and the morale of the people at home, and thereby shorten the period of hostilities.

Waging war against the mind as well as the body of the enemy is by no means a modern concept. The pages of ancient and modern history, including

our own history, are full of examples of how psychological warfare has been used with devastating effect.

EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES. While it was not called by that name, and was not systematically and scientifically organized, our use of Psy War dates back to the Revolution. Washington was keenly interested in war propaganda; and also, by his just and moderate political and military measures, he provided a "policy base" from which patriot propagandists could operate. The memorable line from Patrick Henry's speech, "Give me Liberty or give me Death," carried into battle on the lips of the men in Washington's Army, had a marked psychological effect when heard by British regulars. The Whig campaign for propaganda was energetic and expert in character, and the very opening of hostilities was marked by passionate appeals in the form of handbills. The American forces, shortly after the Battle of Bunker Hill, used one of the earliest versions of frontline propaganda, a "desertion leaflet." It read as follows

IV. Freedom, Ease, Affluence and a good Farm

This leaflet is as valid today as the day it was written. No source is indicated, but neither is any attempt made to suggest a false source different from the true one. It is, in modern parlance, "grey" propaganda (source not identified).

The Americans made extensive use of the press. When newspapers veered too far to the loyalist side, they were warned to take a more patriotic line. Political reasoning, economic arguments, allegations concerning the course of the war, and atrocity stories all played a role. But perhaps most important of all was a contemporary book, Thomas Paine's "Common Sense," which swept American opinion like wildfire. "Common Sense" has become a classic of American literature, but it has its place in American history also, as "the book that won the war."

Our experience in the Mexican War was less glorious. The Mexicans waged psychological warfare against us with considerable effect. Historians in both countries, in fact, have tended to gloss over the treason and subversion that were found on both sides.

In the Civil War both sides established propaganda agencies in England and on the continent of Europe.

WORLD WAR I. Military psychological warfare as we know it today had its beginning in World War I. The nations involved had already made mass communication a part of their daily lives, and the development of organized propaganda was a logical consequence. By present standards the effort was modest, since the use of radio and loudspeakers, and the technique of firing leaflets in converted artillery shells, were unknown. But fighter pilots carried bundles of leaflets in their cockpits, and dropped them by hand as they "hedgehopped" over enemy positions.

In the early stages of the war the main effort on both sides was to gain allies among the neutrals, or, failing that, to cause the neutral powers to remain silent. From the beginning the

IV.

BUNKER HILL

Three Pence a Day

The Scurvy

Slavery, Beggary and Want

British took the lead in psychological warfare. They termed German propaganda "propaganda," and circulated their own as news or cultural activities. German political and strategic propaganda was inept, badly organized, and poorly conducted. The Germans had the unfortunate habit of putting many of their own worst emotions into words, and the even more ruinous habit of then printing the words. In many cases the British simply circulated the braggadocio or vengeful phrases to the world. The English language was permanently augmented by some of these; for example, "strafe" comes from the German plea to God to "strafe" (punish) England. The "Hymn of Hate" was originally a song made by Germans for Germans. The word "Hun" was applied to the German Army by Kaiser Wilhelm himself. Furthermore, the Germans created, in their press and information services, a condition of bureaucratic slowness, formality, and confusion rarely equalled in any war. They did not repeat these mistakes in World War II.

The American effort centered around President Wilson's Fourteen Points ("Making the world safe for democracy"), which became a major propaganda theme. Some 3,600,000 leaflets were disseminated by the AEF, mostly by aircraft. This American propaganda, of which the Germans expressed such dread, was the work of two agencies, one civilian and one military. The former was the Committee of Public Information, popularly known as the "Creel Committee" after its chairman, Mr. George Creel. The latter was the Propaganda Section (or Psychological Section) of General Headquarters, AEF, under Captain Heber Blankenhorn.

On the whole the American effort was well conducted although, as with any new operation, the first efforts were crude and effectiveness sometimes doubtful. Several prominent military and political leaders on both sides gave it credit for being one of the chief reasons for Germany's defeat,

WORLD WAR II. By the time that World War II broke out, PsyWar had become an accepted and integral part of warfare. Germany and Japan conducted concentrated propaganda campaigns directed to foreign nations, to conquered peoples, and to the home front. The radio broadcasts by "Axis Sally" and "Tokyo Rose" will be vividly recalled by veterans of the war. The broadcasts of Lord Haw-Haw, and the massive propaganda effort for home consumption under Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Information, are indicative of the intensity of the German propaganda effort.

We and our allies also had an extensive Psy War program, including the wide use of campaign tactical propaganda. The use of the older media was perfected, and radio became a major instrument. Loudspeaker teams operated along the entire front in Europe. Fixed radio stations, abandoned by the retreating enemy, were rehabilitated and used to deliver powerful propaganda messages to the enemy troops and rear area populations. Millions of leaflets were air-dropped or fired in converted artillery shells.

Civilian organizations played a considerable part in our PsyWar activities. In July of 1941, before we had entered the war, President Roosevelt appointed a Coordinator of Information, who headed an agency known as the COI. His primary task was the collection and processing of information for immediate use. Later, in 1942, the President created two new agencies, which were formed from the COI. One was the Office of War Information (OWI) headed by Mr. Elmer Davis, a Rhodes scholar and novelist and a nationally known radio commentator. The other was the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

However, the major part of the PsyWar mission was passed to the commanders of the several theaters of operations. Execution of the program was in the hands of Psy War units, which supported the ground and air combat units. In some theaters the commanders kept the activity under their immediate supervision, and OWI was used simply as a propaganda service of supply. In others OWI was an almost

independent agent. Sometimes, as in the European theater, OWI and OSS worked together; in other areas, such as the China-Burma-India theater, they operated independently.

While it is hard to measure precisely the effectiveness of PsyWar in terms of territory taken or enemy surrenders, it was unquestionably a powerful weapon in World War II. After the war, President (then General of the Army) Eisenhower said

"In this war which was total in every sense of the word, we have seen a great many changes in military science. It seems to me that not the least of these was the development of psychological warfare as a specific and effective weapon.

"From the early and humble beginnings before our landings in North Africa, through the trial and error period of operations in that theater, into Sicily and Italy, to the final fruition of our efforts in Normandy, Northern France and Germany, Allied psychological warfare grew from infancy to vigorous maturity. Without doubt, psychological warfare has proven its right to a place of dignity in our military arsenal."

PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE TODAY. Three important lessons emerged from World War II—

1. Psy War is a function of command. If it is operated independently of military command, at the best it will be wasted, and at the worst it will actually interfere with the conduct of the war. 2. Atrocity propaganda begets atrocity. Everyone knows that war is cruel and horrible. If any particular war is worth fighting, it is worth fighting for some reason beyond the fact that it is already going on. It is a poor statesman or general who cannot give his people and troops an inspiring and positive statement of why there is war and why we are engaged in it.

3. The peacetime activities of the American civilian world do not automatically produce personnel who are skilled in Psy War techniques. They must be trained to their tasks in advance of another possible war.

Recognizing this last point, our Army is today maintaining a PsyWar capability. There is a Special Staff section,

the Office of the Chief of Special Warfare, under the Deputy Chief of Staff for Military Operations in the Department of the Army. It makes PsyWar plans, and recommends policies for and supervises the execution of Department programs in this field. PsyWar courses are given at the Special Warfare School and are part of the curricula of other service schools. Both Active Army and Reserve Psy War units are in being.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE CONDUCT OF PSYWAR. Its broad objective is to cause the enemy to think and act in a manner detrimental to his war effort. To attain this end there are four things to be done: create confidence in the enemy audience, gain and hold that audience, avoid antagonizing it, and, finally, persuade it.

Creating Audience Confidence. The most important factor here is truth. All information disseminated must be objective, factual, and accurate. One patently false bit of information may destroy an audience confidence which required months to create. If the enemy propaganda machinery habitually disseminates false or distorted information to the people it addresses, they are more likely to turn to a source of information on which they can rely.

Moreover, the propagandist must know his audience and be certain that what he tells them is not only true but credible to them. If he tries to go against solid enemy opinion he will fail to get their confidence. To avoid this mistake he must have accurate intelligence concerning what the enemy does believe or think.

Gaining and Holding an Audience. Some of the proven methods are

(1) Truthful, accurate, and complete news coverage.

(2) Entertainment planned to gain and hold audience attention.

(3) Broadcasting of the names of prisoners of war.

(4) Skillful radio and journalistic devices.

(5) Use of enemy vernacular in radio and press.

(6) Discussion of subjects of vital interest to the enemy.

Avoidance of Antagonism. A good

propagandist avoids saying or writing anything that will arouse his audience's antagonism. For example, one should not boast about victories when reporting them; or ridicule, caricature, or insult the enemy; or make defection seem dishonorable. Psy War is intended to bring about individual and collective changes in the enemy's state of mind, to the point that defection appears to be the only logical behavior. The enemy is made to believe, through the cumulative effects of planned psychological warfare, that it is his duty to shorten the war by malingering, sabotage, desertion, or even surrender.

Persuading the Audience. The use of persuasion, as opposed to direct commands, is implicit in PsyWar techniques. Commands are effective only when an enemy is demoralized. The aim should be to employ reason, logic, emotional appeals, and all attitudeforming devices which will persuade the target audience to adopt a course of action, rather than to order them to adopt it.

TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. Three types are recognized.

Strategic Psychological Warfare is employed as an integral and coordinated element of strategy. Strategic psychological warfare operations are usually designed to further broad or long-term aims, and are directed at forces, peoples, or areas in their entirety.

Tactical Psychological Warfare is directed against enemy military and civilian personnel within the combat zone of a theater, in direct support of military operations.

Consolidation Psychological Warfare is directed at populations in friendly rear areas, or in territory occupied by friendly military forces. Its purpose is to facilitate military operations and promote maximum cooperation by the civil population.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE UNITS. These include the followingThe Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Battalion. It functions in a theater of operations by means of fixed and mobile radio broadcasting stations and the dissemination of leaflets.

The Loudspeaker and Leaflet Company. It operates by the use of loud