No official description of the seal has ever been found, nor have any official colors been assigned to the various elements. It is customarily colored bronze and may be described as follows

On a disc within a band inscribed "United States of America War Office," the following symbols composing a trophy of arms on the right side (left from observer's viewpoint) a cannon in front of a drum with two drumsticks; below are three cannon balls. On the left side (right from observer's viewpoint) a mortar on a trunnion; below are two powder flasks. In the center is a Roman breast plate over a jupon. Above the breast plate is a plain sword, point upward, with pommel and guard, supporting a Phrygian cap between an esponton and an organizational color (on the right) and a musket with fixed bayonet and national color of the Revolutionary War period on the left; both flags have cords and tassels and flagstaffs with spearheads. Above is a rattlesnake holding in its mouth a scroll inscribed "This We'll Defend." Below the breastplate are the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVIII.

The seal for the Department of Defense was approved in 1949. Description (figure 12) is as follows

On a medium blue disc within a dark blue band edged gold and bearing in white letters the inscription "Department of Defense United States of America," an eagle with wings displayed horizontally in natural colors and with talons grasping three gold arrows. On the breast of the eagle the shield of the United States. Above the eagle an arc of 13 gold stars with alternating gold rays. Below the eagle a wreath consisting of laurel to the right and olive to the left, all green. The three arrows refer to the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

The coat of arms of the United States Military Academy is shown by figure 13. Description follows

The shield of the United States, chief blue, 13 vertical stripes alternating white and red, bearing the gold helmet of Pallas Athene over a gold Greek sword. The shield is surmounted by an eagle with wings displayed in natural colors, and grasping in its right talons seven gold arrows and a branch of oak leaves, and in its left talons six gold arrows and a branch of laurel

Various uniforms are prescribed for Army wear, depending on the season, conditions of service, and other factors. ARMY GREEN UNIFORM. This is worn by officers, warrant officers, and enlisted personnel, in performance of garrison duty, at appropriate seasons as prescribed by the commanding officer and during travel. Coats and trousers for officers and warrant officers are ornamented with black mohair braid. General officers wear a band of

braid 11⁄2 inches wide on each sleeve of the coat, and two stripes of braid 2inch wide and spaced 2-inch apart on each outside seam of the trousers. Other officers and warrant officers wear a band of braid 4-inch wide on the sleeve, and one stripe of braid 12 inches wide on the trousers. A cotton poplin shirt with black four-in-hand tie is worn under the coat. Shoes and socks are black. The Army green cap has a black visor and gold chin strap

for officers and warrant officers, black visor and black chin strap for enlisted personnel; for general and field officers the visor is embroidered with gold oak leaves. Several Army uniforms are illustrated by figure 14.

There are two overcoats, one of wool taupe and one of wind-resistant and water-repellent cotton material. Both have removable wool linings.

TROPICAL WORSTED UNIFORM. This is prescribed for officers and warrant officers and is optional for enlisted men. It is similar in cut to the Army green uniform but has a khaki color braid 2-inch wide on the sleeves for officers and warrant officers, and no stripes on the trousers. The Army green cap is worn with it.

When the tropical worsted uniform is worn with coat, and with the poplin shirt under the coat, it becomes a summer semidress uniform. When the coat is omitted, a tropical worsted shirt of the same material as the trousers becomes the outer garment; this constitutes a summer service uniform.

COTTON UNIFORMS. There are two cotton uniforms. One is the conventional uniform of shirt and trousers, both of cotton uniform twill, Army shade No. 1. In appearance it is the same as the tropical worsted uniform. The other is the cotton uniform, abbreviated. It is for on-duty and onpost wear, with conditions for wear at the discretion of major commanders.

ARMY BLUE UNIFORM. This is prescribed for officers and warrant officers and is optional for enlisted personnel. It is for general off-duty wear at social and similar functions.

Coats and trousers for all personnel are ornamented with gold or gold and other colored stripes. General officers wear a band of gold braid 11⁄2 inches wide on each sleeve and two 1⁄2-inch wide gold stripes on the trousers. Other officers and warrant officers wear on each sleeve two 4-inch two-vellum gold lace or gold color nylon or rayon stripes, placed 4-inch apart over a silk stripe of the first named color of the branch, the bottom of the lower stripe 3 inches above the bottom of the sleeve; and a 11⁄2-inch wide gold stripe on the trousers. Enlisted personnel

wear on each sleeve a %-inch stripe of gold color nylon or rayon soutache braid, parallel to and 3 inches above the bottom of the sleeve and a 12-inch gold color stripe on the trousers.

Officers and warrant officers wear their insignia of grade on gold or goldcolor bordered shoulder straps 4 inches long. The background for general officers is blue-black velvet; for field and company officers, the first named color of their branch. Warrant officers' straps have a brown background. Chevrons for noncommissioned grades are gold-color on a dark blue background matching the coat.

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Ornamentation on the Army blue cap is the same as that on the Army green service cap with the addition of an outside band 14 inches wide around the entire cap. General officers wear a blue-black velvet band embroidered with gold oak leaves. Other officers and warrant officers wear a silk band of the first named color of their branch, edged top and bottom with gold bands 11⁄2-inch wide. The band for enlisted personnel is of the same color as the cap, with gold-color braid 2-inch wide at the top.

ARMY WHITE UNIFORM. This is prescribed for wear in certain areas and is optional in others. Cap, coat, and trousers are white. The design of coat and trousers is the same as for the Army green uniform. It is for general off-duty wear, like the Army blue uniform.

OTHER UNIFORMS. These include the blue mess uniform, white mess uniform, and evening dress uniform. All three are illustrated by figure 14.

The tune of the National Anthem is of unknown origin. It first appeared in 1775 as the song of the Anacreonic Society in London, an organization of wealthy music lovers. Ralph Tomlinson, lawyer and president of the Society, wrote "To Anacreon in Heaven" to be sung to this tune, which was first published in 1778. Although attempts have been made to assign the credit to Samuel Arnold, conductor of the Society's orchestra, or to John Stafford Smith, who published an arrangement for three voices in 1799, no composer is mentioned in any extant eighteenth century edition. It is possible that the tune existed as a military march before the Anacreonic Society adapted it for their purposes and made it famous.

In 1793 a patriotic parody, written to be sung to the tune, was published in New York newspapers; and by 1795 "To Anacreon in Heaven," as well as other parodies, appeared in American collections of songs. At least a hundred patriotic parodies have survived. Francis Scott Key wrote his first poem to the tune in 1805, and sang it at a dinner in Georgetown.

Key's more famous poem to this tune was written later under the provocation of more stirring circumstances. Late in August 1814 the British, in a successful sortie from their Chesapeake fleet, had taken the city of Washington and burned a number of public buildings. Returning to their ships, they arrested a Dr. Beanes of Upper Marl

boro for treason. Because of his considerable political influence in Washington, Key was persuaded to undertake a trip to the British fleet to gain Beanes' release. Leaving Baltimore on 4 September with Colonel John S. Skinner, US Cartel agent, in the sloop Minden, he caught the fleet at the mouth of the Potomac on 7 September and gained the release of Dr. Beanes. During the conversations leading to the release, discussion of an attack on Baltimore had been carried on in the presence of the party, and they were therefore detained while the fleet moved to the Patapsco River to bombard Fort McHenry. During the bombardment of the fort, Key and his party and the crew of the sloop were transferred under guard to the sloop, where they were to remain. At one o'clock in the morning of 14 September the bombardment ceased. Tension increased on the sloop, since those on board had no way of knowing whether the silence meant that the fort had fallen. Finally they were able to see, through the mist and drizzle, that the oversized flag on the fort was still flying. When Key realized that the attack was over and the danger passed, he was stirred by a poetic impulse, and on the back of a letter which he found in his pocket, started sketching his verses. The clean copy of the poem, which Key wrote that night in his Baltimore hotel room, is probably the one that is now preserved in the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore. Colonel Skinner persuaded Key to have the poem set up in handbill form at the Baltimore "American" on the following day. In less than a week it was reprinted by two Baltimore papers, and about a month later a sheet music edition was published by Joseph Carr, with a musical setting arranged by his son. Other newspapers around the country picked up the stirring words, and before the year was out the song was also included in "The Analectic Magazine" and in three popular song books.

The melody was already common property, and it was not long before Key's words were generally recognized as the best embodiment of the American

idea of patriotism, in song form, which the country had produced. Apparently, during these earlier years, the populace was undeterred by the rather wide range of the melody, and it was constantly published in Songsters side by side with the latest jigs and theatrical hits. No other patriotic song appears so regularly and over such a long period; its final elevation to the position of National Anthem seems to have been justified by this extended popular acclamation.

Army Regulations first began to require its use in the 1895 edition. Paragraph 450 reads in part: "The Flag will be lowered at the sounding of the last note of the retreat, and while the flag is being lowered the band will play The Star-Spangled Banner." In the 1913 edition of Army Regulations, paragraph 264, there is the following: "1. The composition consisting of the words and music known as "The Star-Spangled Banner' is designated the National Anthem of the United States of America. 2. Provisions in these regulations or in orders issued under the authority of the War Department requiring the playing of the national anthem at any time or place shall be taken to mean "The Star-Spangled Banner' to the exclusion of other tunes or musical compositions popularly known as national airs." President Woodrow Wilson confirmed this usage when he approved the regulations. Congress, however, allowed a whole series of bills on the subject to die in committee, until finally the Seventy-First Congress passed Public Law 823, which President Hoover signed on 3 March 1931, making the song the National Anthem. The complete bill reads: "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America assembled, that the composition consisting of the words and music known as The Star-Spangled Banner is designated the national anthem of the United States of America." Neither this nor subsequent legislation, however, defines which words and music should be used. The Department of Defense already has standardized the music as played by service bands.

There are five anniversaries which are especially associated with the Army's history and traditions: Memorial Day, Veterans' Day, Army Day, Armed Forces Day, and Founder's Day.

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MEMORIAL DAY. Also known "Decoration Day." This anniversary originated in an order of General John A. Logan to the Grand Army of the Republic on 5 May 1868, in which he directed that the graves of veterans of the Civil War be decorated. It is an official national holiday observed on 30 May or, if that date occurs on Sunday, the next day. It is the custom in many states that various veterans' organizations decorate the graves with small American flags. (Today the ceremonies include all deceased military personnel.) The occasion is further observed with parades and ceremonies in which the Armed Forces, and veterans' and civic organizations, participate. In some Southern States, Confederate Memorial Day is observed on a different day.

VETERANS' DAY. Also known as "Armistice Day." It is the anniversary of the armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918. It was recognized by President Wilson in a proclamation of 11 November 1919, in which he said, "... To us in America the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country's service and with gratitude for the victory, . . ." "Veterans' Day" was first proclaimed, in place of "Armistice Day," by President Eisenhower in 1954, when he stated that the day should be set aside to honor the servicemen of the nation, living and dead, and the victories which they have won in all our wars. It is customary that, on this day, two minutes of silence be observed by all citizens, beginning at 11.00 AM, in memory of our war dead.

ARMY DAY. A day set aside to render suitable honor to the Army of the

FAMOUS

Below are listed some sayings of American military and other leaders, concerning war and the duties of a

United States in all its component parts -the Reserve, the National Guard, and the Regular Army-and to its veterans who are now civilians. Army Day was inaugurated by the Military Order of the World Wars on 6 April 1928, and was recognized by Congress in 1937. This day, until 1948, was observed by joint civilian-military ceremonies and parades throughout the United States, with Army components and veterans' organizations participating. Since the designation of "Armed Forces Day" (see below), Army Day has been less generally celebrated.

ARMED FORCES DAY. This day is set aside by the Department of Defense, in cooperation with civilian communities, to recognize the role of the Armed Forces of the United States in promoting the general welfare of the country. The date is the third Saturday in May. It commemorates the establishment of the Department of Defense in 1947, and to some extent has taken the place of both "Army Day" and "Navy Day." Since 1953 the keynote of the day has been expressed in the slogan "Power for Peace." Military units parade, and military posts, ships, and bases throughout the world schedule "open house" activities showing the public the latest developments within the Armed Forces.

FOUNDER'S DAY. The anniversary of the founding of the United States Military Academy on 16 March 1802 by an Act of Congress. The Act authorized a Corps of Engineers of five officers and ten cadets, and stated that the Corps

"when so organized shall be established at West Point, in the State of New York, and shall constitute a Military Academy." The day is observed by graduates of the Academy throughout the world. It is usually marked by dinners given by the members of the local chapters of the Association of Graduates. It is an occasion for renewing friendships with comrades. SAYINGS

soldier, which have become part of our national tradition.

General Omar N. Bradley-".

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