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than about a score, but in World War II they increased several fold. The proliferating of military electronic applications at present-television, missile guidance, and combat surveillance, to name but three-steadily increases the Corps' specialist requirements and training problems. In addition to its major installations at Ft. Monmouth, N. J., the Corps in World War II opened large training activities at Camp Crowder (Mo.), Camp Kohler (Cal.), and Camp Murphy (Fla.). All were closed down at the war's end, except the schools at Ft. Monmouth. On 15 December 1951, under the pressure of the Korean conflict, the Corps opened a training installation at Camp San Luis Obispo (Cal.), but closed it in November, 1953. However, in November 1948 it had founded the Southeastern Signal School, at Camp Gordon (Ga.), which it continues to operate.

SUPPLY ACTIVITIES. The Corps procures, stocks, and distributes to the Army all required communications, electronic, photographic, and meteorological equipment. This includes radio, radar, and television sets of many kinds, from large radio transmitters of great power and range to small handcarried sets. It includes highly efficient radio relay sets, and such versatile radios as the AN/GRC-26 (Army-Navy Ground Radio Communications set, popularly called the "Angry 26,") which proved so valuable in Korea. It includes various types of radars to detect aircraft, to detect mortar shells in flight so as to locate the exact firing point, and to detect trucks and personnel. It includes television, from large vehicular stations to hand-carried pick-up cameras, with field transmitters to send the scenes back to headquarters. Signal Corps telephone, telegraph, and teletype equipment has become marvelous in its compactness (despite its complexity), and in its ability to handle numerous circuits simultaneously. Meteorological equipment includes complete truck-mounted weather stations, and radars such as the RAWIN set AN/GMD-1 which is used to track drifting weather balloons, thereby determining wind speed and direction at various altitudes Photographic equip

ment includes complete processing labs (truck-mounted) and many types of special cameras. The Signal Corps also provides mine detectors employing radio principles, and radiac sets used to determine the intensity of radiation resulting from the use of atomic weapons. Supplementing all the above there is a wide variety of tools, repair and maintenance equipment, power generating equipment, specialized vehicles, and the like.

As of mid-1957 the Corps handled over 150,000 individual items of equipment. The value of such equipment currently in depots in the continental United States exceeded a billion dollars.

PROCUREMENT OF PERSONNEL. The qualifications for assignment to, or for obtaining a commission in, the Signal Corps are many and varied. The prerequisites are those for enlistment or commission in any branch.

Enlisted Men. An enlisted man may, under AR 601-215, enlist for whatever branch of service he chooses (including the Signal Corps), in order to fill a vacancy in the monthly quota. If he has had prior service, he may, upon reenlisting for a second term, select the Signal Corps. If he has not had prior service, he may, under AR 601-230, choose to enlist for a minimum of three years and attend a Signal Corps school. If he successfully completes the training course he receives a Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) number. This MOS training qualifies him for Signal Corps technical assignments; for example, as an operator or repairman in communications, or as a specialist in such fields as research and development, procurement and distribution, intelligence, photography, meteorology, television, etc. Also, under AR 601-229, a man with previous service may, if he reenlists within 90 days, enter a Signal Corps school. On obtaining an MOS he will normally be assigned to a Signal Corps unit.

Officers. For details of the qualifications for a regular army or reserve commission, see AR 601-100 and AR 140-100.

For further details on signal communications and equipment, see chapter

18.

CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICERS. The following have served

27 Jun 1860-13 Oct 1863 13 Oct 1863-26 Dec 1864 26 Dec 1864-15 Nov 1866 15 Dec 1880-16 Jan 1887 3 March 1887-9 Feb 1906 10 Feb 1906-13 Feb 1913 5 Mar 1913-13 Feb 1917 14 Feb 1917-31 Dec 1923 1 Jan 1924-8 Jan 1928 9 Jan 1928-30 Jun 1931 1 Jul 1931-31 Dec 1934 1 Jan 1935-30 Sep 1937 1 Oct 1937-30 Sep 1941 1 Oct 1941-30 Jun 1943 1 Jul 1943-31 Mar 1947. 1 Apr 1947-2 May 1951 2 May 1951-30 Apr 1955 1 May 1955

.Maj. Albert J. Myer Lt. Col. William J. L. Nicodemus .Brig. Gen. Albert J. Myer .Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen Brig. Gen. Adolphus W. Greely .Brig. Gen. James Allen .Brig. Gen. George P. Scriven ..Maj. Gen. George O. Squier .Maj. Gen. Charles McK. Saltzman .Maj. Gen. George S. Gibbs .Maj. Gen. Irving J. Carr .Maj. Gen. James B. Allison .Maj. Gen. Joseph O. Mauborgne .Maj. Gen. Dawson Olmstead .Maj. Gen. Harry C. Ingles .Maj. Gen. Spencer B. Akin ..Maj. Gen. George I. Back .Lt. Gen. James D. O'Connell

THE TRANSPORTATION CORPS

The basic responsibility of this Corps is for moving persons and things and providing transportation services for the Army, and, as assigned, for the Navy, the Air Force, and other agencies as well.

HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND. The Transportation Corps is the youngest of the technical services. It was created in 1942 under the emergency wartime authority of the President, and was given statutory recognition as a basic branch in 1950. Various other statutes and reorganizations have given it the form and duties which it possesses today.

Traditionally the function of transportation in the Army was under divided control. As of 1940, the Chief of Engineers was responsible both for building and for operating and maintaining military railroads, and for training railroad troop units. The Quartermaster General was responsible for utility railroads, with some exceptions, and for the rail and water movement of troops and supplies, including the operation of the Army's ocean transports. Ports of embarkation were under the direct supervision of the War Department General Staff. The situation was further complicated by separate traffic organizations in some of the supply services and at War Department and other levels.

Such a dispersion of transportation responsibilities is not suited to modern major wars, with their worldwide scope and their enormous demands for the movement of supplies and equipment. It had produced undesirable results as far back as World War I. After World

War II broke out, the need for corrective measures became urgent. As a first step, a Transportation Division (later "Service") was created on 9 March 1942 in the Services of Supply, absorbing the Transportation Division of the Quartermaster Corps and certain General Staff transportation activities, and taking over responsibility for ports of embarkation and for holding and reconsignment points. On 31 July 1942 the Service was expanded into a Transportation Corps, to have its own officers, troop units, and training programs. The Corps took from the Quartermaster Corps the operation and maintenance of utility railroads, and from the Corps of Engineers its Military Railway Service, with supply and training functions. Except for the control of air traffic, transferred to the Air Force on 1 July 1942, and for the organization and manning of motor transport units, which remained with the Quartermaster General, a high degree of integration of Army transportation responsibilities was thus achieved.

Notwithstanding the need for building its organization and procedures in the midst of crisis, the Corps contributed materially to the victory over the Axis Powers. Along with its impressive record of wartime accomplishments, the Corps built up an esprit and morale of its own, geared to the tempo of modern transportation.

The return of peace saw further progress toward full integration of military transportation responsibilities. In 1946 certain Quartermaster truck and car companies and other troop units were transferred to the Corps. In 1952

it was given control of administrative motor pools, and of the logistic support of Army aviation, including helicopter transportation service. The "unification" policy of postwar years resulted in the transfer of the Army's ocean transport activities to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) of the Navy. This reduction of Transportation Corps responsibilities, however, was offset by enhanced responsibilities for land transport and traffic management for the Department of Defense.

RE

WATER TRANSPORTATION SPONSIBILITIES. Though entirely dependent on MSTS for deep sea shipping, the Chief of Transportation continues to be charged with vital port and water transport activities for the Army. Through his Army transportation terminal commands he provides the major "pipeline points" in the logistical support of Army and Air Force activities overseas. At the Army terminals, Corps personnel authorize movements for export shipments; supervise or conduct unloading, handling, loading, stevedoring, embarkation, debarkation, and other related services; and exercise control while personnel and materiel are within the terminal complexes. Upon the Chief of Transportation further falls the responsibility for the provision, assignment, reassignment, storage and issue, operation, maintenance, and utilization of all floating equipment in support of Army missions.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION RESPONSIBILITIES. The Army relies mostly on commercial facilities for rail movement. However, it maintains a sizeable quantity of equipment for utility railroad operations, for use on commercial lines in the United States, and for meeting the requirements of oversea commanders. In this area the Chief of Transportation directs his efforts toward economy in the operation and maintenance of the CONUS fleet; the provision of qualified officer personnel; the build-up of requisite stocks; and the maintenance of an effective military reserve to direct or execute the bulk haulage of men and materiel on oversea railways in support of combat operations.

MOTOR TRANSPORT RESPONSI

BILITIES. The Chief of Transportation exercises technical supervision over administrative motor pool and line haul military highway operations, as well as over the allocation, inspection, maintenance, and repair of general transport administrative vehicles for which the Army has responsibility. Attention is directed toward efficient employment and management of vehicles at military installations, and toward the build-up and training of truck units for motor transport operations in the field. By reason of his basic stake in the defense use of public highways, the Chief of Transportation further serves as Department of Defense representative in integrating military requirements into civil highway programs of the United States, its territories, and possessions. The latter responsibility entails the provision of transportation engineering services; the injection of military requirements into the design and construction of public highways; the review and certification as to essentiality of access road requirements of the three Departments; the formulation and defense of budget estimates to meet these needs; and concern with overweight, oversize, and other special problems of military movements the public highways.

on

ARMY AVIATION RESPONSIBILITIES. Since 1952 the logistical support of Army aviation has bulked large in the overall effort of the Transportation Corps. In all facets of the programresearch and procurement, supply and maintenance, specialist training, and the activation and employment of Transportation aviation units - the Chief of Transportation has been striving toward two objectives: to insure full support of the Army's needs in peacetime, and to meet the anticipated requirements of greater organic air capability and of swift dispersion, concentration, and supply in any future conflict involving the use of mass destruction weapons.

SINGLE MANAGER RESPONSIBILITIES. Under the "single manager plan" the Secretary of the Army was designated in 1956 as single manager for the function of traffic management for all the Armed Services. This duty is carried out by the Chief of Trans

portation, acting through an organization called the Military Traffic Management Agency, which is under his jurisdiction. The agency has effected a complete integration of the traffic management elements of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Each of these Services, however, retains traffic management functions at local shipping installations, to the extent that the single manager prescribes.

PROCUREMENT

OF COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. The Chief of Transportation places great stress on aggressive and imaginative personnel management, to insure both the current effectiveness and the mobilization readiness of the Corps. On the military side, personnel procurement is keyed to the meeting of requirements in particular

specialties and to the maintenance of a balanced Corps. To this end, ROTC graduates are brought to active duty. Regular Army appointments are given to Distinguished Military Graduates from the ROTC. Transfers of officers from other branches are effected. Nonregular officers on active duty are integrated. The voluntary recall of critical specialists and other specific procurement objectives are pursued to bring in outstanding officers, to attain authorized strengths in warrant officers, and to attract the number and caliber of personnel needed for the fulfillment of the Corps' mission. Duty assignments of the Corps' military personnel and the phasing of their schooling are in conformity with the objectives and pattern of career development prescribed for the Army as a whole.

CHIEFS OF TRANSPORTATION. The following have served

31 Jul 1942-30 Nov 1945

1 Dec 1945-10 Jun 1948
11 Jun 1948-31 Mar 1953
1 Apr 1953-16 Mar 1958
17 Mar 1958

.Maj. Gen. Charles P. Gross .Maj. Gen. Edmond H. Leavey .Maj. Gen. Frank A. Heileman .Maj. Gen. Paul F. Yount ..Maj. Gen. Frank S. Besson

THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S CORPS

The Adjutant General's Corps provides personnel and administrative services for the Department of the Army in connection with the procurement, classification, assignment, promotion, transfer, and separation of military personnel; records; correspondence; decorations and awards; postal activities; publications; career guidance; personnel research; and special service activities.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. The Corps has undergone an extensive evolution in the course of its history. In the British army of the 18th century, from which so many of our military traditions were inherited, the term "adjutant general" was applied to the principal staff officer of a high field commander. (At lower levels the corresponding positions were filled by deputy adjutants general and brigade major assistants.) On 16 June 1775, the Continental Congress resolved that there should be an Adjutant General of the Continental Army. Next day, after balloting, they selected Horatio Gates for the position, with rank of brigadier general.

Initially the Adjutant General was located at field Army headquarters, was in charge of military correspondence, and also carried out the duties now performed by a commanding general's chief of staff. In 1779 he was given his first clerical force (two assistants and one clerk). At the instigation of Major General (Baron) von Steuben, after he became Inspector General of the Army, there was instituted an arrangement which continued from time to time for over 20 years, namely that of the constant interchange of duties by adjutants general and inspectors general. On 22 June 1779, the Adjutant General was ordered for the time being to be also assistant inspector.

There was no "Office" of Adjutant General from the almost complete disbandment of the Army in 1783 until 1789, when the Department of War was established. However, there was an acting Adjutant General, and the administrative functions of the office were carried on. The Act of 5 March 1792 provided for a "General Staff" to include an "Adjutant to do also duty of Inspector." The Act of 3 March 1813

created the Adjutant General's Department, to consist of not over 25 officers, including the Adjutant and Inspector General. It also authorized the assignment of officers of the AGD to various field commands. However, the dual nature of the Department's duties ended in 1821, when the offices of Adjutant General and Inspector General were separated. In 1847 the Adjutant General was formally assigned responsibility for coordinating the recruiting service. In 1886 a Division of Military Information was created in the Adjutant General's Office.

In 1903, following the example of leading foreign military powers, there was established in the Army a General Staff Corps and a Chief of Staff. Necessarily this agency absorbed some of the duties of the AGD. The functions of the latter, under the new dispensation, were defined by orders issued on 14 August 1903. It became the bureau of records and orders of the Army, and under the Secretary of War it was charged with the management of the recruiting service; with the communication of instructions to officers detailed to visit encampments of militia, and with digesting, arranging, and preserving their reports; and with the preparation of the annual returns of the militia required by law to be submitted to the Congress. In 1904 the AGD was redesignated the "Military Secretary's Department," the Adjutant General becoming the Military Secretary; but the old designations were restored in 1907.

The reorganization of the War Department, accomplished on 9 March 1942, placed The Adjutant General in the dual role of The Adjutant General of the Services of Supply (afterwards Army Service Forces) and The Adjutant General of the Army. This situation ended with the abolishing of Headquarters, Army Service Forces, and the post-World War II reorganization of the Army effected on 11 June 1946. Concurrently the Adjutant General's Department was designated as an administrative service of the Army, and The Adjutant General as an adminis

trative staff officer of the War Department. The Army Organization Act of 1950 redesignated the Adjutant General's Department as the Adjutant General's Corps.

THE CORPS TODAY. Members of the AGC, besides commanding and serving in strictly AG units such as those of the Army Postal Service, The Adjutant General's School, and other AG installations and activities, serve in various administrative positions, but primarily in the office of the Adjutant or Adjutant General of a commandeither in The Adjutant General's Office at the Department of the Army in Washington, or at the headquarters of other commands, installations or activities in the United States or overseas. The senior officer of the Corps assigned to duty with a command is normally designated as Adjutant or Adjutant General thereof. He is a member of the special staff of the commander, and executes and coordinates administrative functions necessary to the issuance and execution of orders and policies of his commander. Members of the AGC serving in the field are concerned with the administration of their respective commands; those serving in Headquarters, Department of the Army, are concerned with the Army in its entirety.

PROCUREMENT OF OFFICERS. Officers desiring to serve in the Adjutant General's Corps must have a wellrounded military background, administrative experience, and better than average ability and potential. Therefore, an applicant for appointment should possess at least a bachelor's degree in business administration or personnel administration. To insure that he has the necessary military background and experience, he should be serving in the grade of captain or above, if transferring from another branch. If he is a new appointee, in addition to possessing the necessary qualifications for appointment as a commissioned officer, he must be detailed to one of the combat arms for a 2-year period to obtain this experi

ence.

ADJUTANTS GENERAL OF THE ARMY. The following have served

17 Jun 1775-5 Jun 1776 5 Jun 1776-22 Jan 1777 22 Jan 1777-20 Feb 1777 20 Feb 1777-19 Apr 1777

.Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates Col. Joseph Reed .Brig. Gen. Arthur St. Claira .Brig. Gen. George Weedon

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