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elsewhere around the world. Membership dues range from $3.00 a year upward.

The purposes of the VFW, as prescribed by the organization's Congressional charter and constitution, are "fraternal, patriotic, historical, and educational; to preserve and strengthen comradeship among its members; to assist worthy comrades; to perpetuate the memory and history of our dead, and to assist their widows and orphans; to maintain true allegiance to the Government of the United States America and fidelity to its Constitution and laws; to foster true patriotism; to maintain and extend the institutions of American freedom; and to preserve and defend the United States from all her enemies whomsoever."

of

The annual national encampment is the supreme power of the VFW. Encampment delegates, accredited on the basis of post membership, determine the organization's policies. A national council of administration, composed of elected members representing 15 regions, represents the national encampment during intervals between its sessions.

National headquarters, Broadway at Thirty-fourth, Kansas City 2, Mo., coordinates the organization's activities through "department" or State headquarters; maintains membership and financial records; serves as supply center; and is the location of the divisions of Americanism and Education, Athletics and Recreation, Extension, Historical and Archives, the VFW Buddy Poppy department, and the editorial and business offices of the organization's monthly publication, V. F. W. Magazine.

VFW Legislative, Veterans' Rehabilitation, and other divisions are maintained at 1000 Connecticut Ave., N. W., Washington 6, D. C.

The VFW National Home for Veterans' Orphans, established in 1925 at Eaton Rapids, Mich., consists of a 640acre farm and orchard lands on which are 22 family-sized houses (and more under construction), a hospital, community social center, nursery, swimming pool, gymnasium, and other essentials for the care of veterans' orphans during their minority. Support of the home is aided in large measure by the annual sale of buddy poppies. WEST POINT ALUMNI FOUNDATION, INC.

U.S.M.A., West Point, N.Y.

This nonprofit organization was incorporated under the laws of the State of Maryland in 1945, for the purpose of publishing Assembly magazine and the Register of Graduates and Former Cadets, United States Military Academy for the Association of Graduates at West Point. The charter covers miscellaneous educational and charitable purposes, all of which are solely for the benefit of the Military Academy or its graduates. Assembly is published quarterly, and is concerned with three important news features for alumnicurrent affairs at the Academy, news notes of various classes, and obituaries of deceased graduates. The Register of Graduates is published annually, and includes a very brief outline or sketch of every graduate of the Military Academy from the class of five years prior to that of the oldest living graduate, to include the latest graduating class. It indicates graduates on the active list of the Army, on the retired list, in civil life, or deceased. It also shows, after each class, all men who entered the Academy with that class but did not graduate. It may be stated that every man who has worn cadet gray since 1879 is appropriately listed in the 1957 Register.

COST OF THE ARMY

The first table below gives total costs per year since 1789, including estimates for fiscal years 1958 and 1959. The second table gives a breakdown for fiscal years 1957, 1958, and 1959 (the last two estimated).

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a Figures prior to 1880 include expenditures for Civil Functions; those for 1880-1959 exclude Civil Functions and Panama Canal. Expenditures for the period 1880-1940 are rounded to the nearest thousand. Figures through 1947 include all Air Force expenditures; figures for 1948-51 represent expenditures for the Department of the Army, including expenditures for the support of the Air Force, and exclude expenditures against direct appropriations for the Air Force.

b From 1789 to 1842 the fiscal year ended on 31 December; thereafter, on 30 June. Figures for 1843 are for the half year, 1 January-30 June.

8,899,459,358

8,701,864,251

9,062,689,308

9,043,000,000

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Military Personnel, Army

$3,598,940

Operation and Maintenance, Army

$3,468,000 $3,330,200

$3,566,704 $3,113,000 $3,105,200 $3,586,956 $3,475,000 $3,325,000

3,170,549

3,158,000

3,040,000

3,055,057 3,215,000

3,040,000

2,884,723

3,109,000

Reserve Personnel, Army

178,564

203,200

185,000

215,000

197,000€

185,000

164,619

200,000

2,992,000
185,000

Army National Guard

306,189

326,700

298,000

Research and Development, Army

320,162

333,800

298,000

294,168

320,000

300,000

427,397

456,900

Procurement of Equipment and Missiles, Army..

466,000

410,000₫

400,000₫

471,000

435,084

450,000

460,000

1,796,295

1,574,000

1,620,000

1,405,000

1,602,157

1,450,000

1,301,000

National Board for Promotion of Rifle Practice

239

250

300

357

250

300

203

250

300

Operation and Maintenance, Alaska Communi

cation System

Construction, Alaska Communication System
Military Construction, Army

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Military Construction, Army Reserve Forces

51,152

27,000

131,262
35,000

f

55,000

310,000
55,000

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OTHER ACCOUNTS:

M Accounts (Cert. Claims)

Total General Accounts

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS:

Preparation for Sale or Salvage of Military

Property

$9,880,650 $9,561,294 $9,111,262 $7,627,280 $7,629,550 $8,510,000 $9,426,343 $9,417,021 $8,893,900

Defense Housing

Management Fund

Army Stock Fund

Army Industrial Fund

Advances and Reimbursements

Replacing Accounts

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Sub-total All Accounts

$9,899,636 $9,582,294 $9,133,262

$7,646,266 $7,650,550 $8,532,000 $9,062,689 $9,043,000 $8,663,000

PROPOSED FOR LATER TRANSMISSION:

Military Personnel, Army

164,000

Reserve Personnel, Army

12,000

Army National Guard

Military Construction, Army

8,000
188,738

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Total, Department of the Army

$9,899,636 $9,582,294 $9,506,000 $7,646,266 $7,650,550 $9,036,000 $9,062,689 $9,043,000 $8,880,000
Excludes $27,444 thousand in 1957, $400 million in 1958 and $225 million from authorized transfers to this account from unobligated balances of this account.
b President's budget indicates that $10 million will be transferred to the Advance Research Projects Agency, 08D.

• Excludes $10 million reappropriated.

d Excludes $22,674 thousand in 1957 and $45,100 thousand in 1958 transferred from Emergency Fund, DOD.

• See proposed for later transmission.

Excludes $202 million transferred from Army Stock Fund.

Chapter 22

THE NATIONAL DEFENSE TEAM

To fight and win a modern war requires the close cooperation of the three Armed Services-Army, Navy, and Air Force-which operate principally by land, water, and air respectively. Until quite recently the Air Force was a part of the Army, and the Army and Navy operated for the most part independently under a common strategic plan, arrangements being improvised for joint local enterprises. However, beginning with "Pearl Harbor Day" which marked our entrance into World War II, we learned the lesson that such hit-or-miss cooperation between independent agencies is no longer good enough. It is true that the Armed Services are, and always have been, under the common command of the President. But a President, in

peace or war, has enormous preoccupations in the domestic and diplomatic fields. While he can determine the broad plans and overall joint strategy for a war, he has no time to work out the details of inter-Service cooperation or to umpire inter-Service disputes. A closer bond and tighter control are needed at a level below the President. These have been attained by the creation of the Department of Defense at the seat of Government, and by the concept of "joint command" in the field.

This chapter deals briefly with the parts which the Army's sister Services -the Navy and the Air Force-play in the national defense team, and with the Department of Defense, which coordinates the team's efforts.

THE UNITED STATES NAVY

MISSION. Section 206 of the National Security Act of 1947 deals with the Department of the Navy and reads as follows

Sec. 206. (a) The term "Department of the Navy" as used in this act shall be construed to mean the Department of the Navy at the seat of government; the headquarters, United States Marine Corps; the entire operating forces of the United States Navy, including naval aviation, and of the United States Marine Corps, including the reserve components of such forces; all field activities, headquarters, forces, bases, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Department of the Navy; and the United States Coast Guard when operating as a part of the Navy pursuant to law.

(b) In general the United States Navy, within the Department of the Navy, shall include naval combat and service forces and such aviation as may be organic therein. It shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations at sea. It shall be responsible for the preparation of naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned,

and, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Navy to meet the needs of war.

All naval aviation shall be integrated with the naval service as part thereof within the Department of the Navy. Naval aviation shall consist of combat and service and training forces, and shall include land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations, all air weapons and air techniques involved in the operations and activities of the United States Navy, and the entire remainder of the aeronautical organization of the United States Navy, together with the personnel necessary therefor.

The Navy shall be generally responsible for naval reconnaissance, antisubmarine warfare, and protection of shipping.

The Navy shall develop aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, and equipment of naval combat and service elements; matters of joint concern as to these functions shall be coordinated between the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy.

(c) The United States Marine Corps, within the Department of the Navy, shall include land combat and service forces and such aviation as may be organic therein. The Marine Corps shall be organized, trained, and equipped to provide fleet marine forces of combined arms, together

with supporting air components, for service with the fleet in the seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign. It shall be the duty of the Marine Corps to develop, in coordination with the Army and the Air Force, those phases of amphibious operations which pertain to the tactics, techniques, and equipment employed by landing forces. In addition, the Marine Corps shall provide detachments and organizations for service on armed vessels of the Navy, shall provide security detachments for the protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, and shall perform such other duties as the President may direct: Provided, That such additional duties shall not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily organized. The Marine Corps shall be responsible, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of peacetime components of the Marine Corps to meet the needs of war.

THE MEANING OF SEAPOWER. "Seapower" is the ability of a nation to exercise dominant control over the ocean approaches to the country or countries with which it is at war. Seapower enables its possessor to deny the ocean highways to an enemy, to insure uninterrupted traffic for itself, its allies. and friends, and to apply the pressure of war directly and unremittingly against an enemy nation. Seapower is knowledge of how to use the sea; it is the understanding of the close coordination that must exist between it and other military elements to combine them for victory. Seapower is flexibility, is often the key to mobile strategy, and often makes possible the choice of the offensive. Seapower by itself may not win wars, but it has been a decisive factor in many wars.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. When the Federal Government was organized under the new Constitution in 1789, the War Department was made responsible for both the Army and the Navy (an interesting anticipation of the "Department of Defense" under which the Armed Services were united six generations later). The dual function could hardly be called a burden, however, since the new nation had neither ships nor marines.

The raids of the Barbary pirates led Congress in 1794 to authorize the construction of six frigates. Four years later, just as the first of them were about ready for sea, the United States embarked on an undeclared war against France. Recognizing that the increased

Naval Establishment called for specialized supervision, Congress not only voted to expand the Navy with readymade ships and new construction, but also created the Navy Department on 30 April 1798.

The Department arranged for fighting ships and adequate stores, and assigned general missions. Operational matters, however, were left largely in the hands of the ships' captains. In the War of 1812, despite a few highly successful frigate duels, our salt water warships and merchantmen were eventually tightly blockaded by the overwhelming forces of England's Navy. But on the Great Lakes, where the two sides started from scratch, our Navy proved itself by hastily building three little squadrons, two of which won decisive victories.

A Board of Navy Commissioners, modeled on England's Navy Board, was created in 1815. In 1842 Congress focused responsibility more closely by creating a separate bureau for each major logistical function, with each bureau chief accountable for performance in his technical specialty. The bureau system has survived as a major fixture of naval administration for over a century.

During the Civil War, the Navy not only protected Northern shipping from enemy raiders, but had three other strategic tasks: to blockade the whole Southern coast, to force its way into various Southern ports, and to cooperate with operations along the seaboard and the rivers.

By this time the "naval revolution" was under way. Steam was already taken for granted, new armor was coming into use, and rifled guns were beginning to replace the smoothbores. Scientists and inventors were marshalled for the first time to assist the Navy with its problems; and for a while our nation led the world in these new developments of the art of war. Progress ceased, however, with the end of the Civil War. It was not until 1883 that Congress authorized four modern steel ships, which became the nucleus of the new Navy.

In 1915 there was created the position of Chief of Naval Operations. This provided a systematic planning agency which had hitherto been lacking. It failed to give adequate control over

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