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19 Apr 1777-18 Jun 1777 18 Jun 1777-5 Jan 1778 5 Jan 1778-1 Jan 1781 8 Jan 1781-3 Nov 1783 5 Nov 1783-28 Oct 1787 28 Oct 1787-7 Nov 1790 7 Nov 1790 4 Sept 1791 4 Sept 1791-4 Nov 1791 4 Nov 1791-10 Mar 1792 10 Mar 1792-23 Feb 1793 23 Feb 1793-17 Jul 1793 18 Jul 1793-13 May 1794 13 May 1794-27 Feb 1796 27 Feb 1796-1 Aug 1796 1 Aug 1796-27 Feb 1797 27 Feb 1797-19 Jul 1798 19 Jul 1798-15 Jun 1800 15 Jun 1800-2 Apr 1807 2 Apr 1807-28 Apr 1812 28 Apr 1812-6 Jul 1812 6 Jul 1812-12 Mar 1813 12 Mar 1813-27 Apr 1813 19 May 1814-2 Jul 1814 22 Nov 1814-1 Jun 1821 12 Aug 1821-22 Mar 1822

8 May 1822-7 Mar 1825 7 Mar 1825-15 Jul 1852 15 Jul 1852-7 Mar 1861 7 Mar 1861-22 Feb 1869 22 Feb 1869-15 Jun 1880 15 Jun 1880-28 May 1889 7 Jun 1889-24 Jun 1892 5 Jul 1892-5 Nov 1893 6 Nov 1893-11 Sept 1897 11 Sept 1897-25 Feb 1898 25 Feb 1898-14 Apr 1904 23 Apr 1904-4 Mar 1907 5 Mar 1907-16 Feb 1912 17 Feb 1912-11 Jun 1912 5 Aug 1912-26 Aug 1914 27 Aug 1914-26 Aug 1918 1 Sept 1918-31 Aug 1922 1 Sep 1922-1 Jul 1927 2 Jul 1927-30 Dec 1928 31 Dec 1928-1 Feb 1933 2 Feb 1933-31 Oct 1935 1 Nov 1935-30 Apr 1938 1 May 1938-2 Mar 1942 3 Mar 1942-31 Jan 1946

2 Jul 1945-6 Jul 1945 7 Jul 1945-31 Jan 1946 1 Feb 1946-30 Jun 1951 1 Jul 1951-28 Jul 1951 29 Jul 1951-31 May 1954

1 Jun 1954-31 Dec 1956

1 Jan 1957-31 Oct 1958

1 Nov 1958

a Acting Adjutant General.

b Adjutant and Inspector

e Acting Adjutant

4 Adjutant and Inspector General

e The Military Secretary

Col. Morgan Connor .Col. Timothy Pickering .Col. Alexander Scammel .Brig. Gen. Edward Hand ..Maj. William Northb .Lt. Ebenezer Denny .Lt. John Pratte .Lt. Col. Winthrop Sargente .Lt. Ebenezer Denny .Lt. Henry DeButts .Maj. Michael Rudolph Capt. Edward Butlere ..Maj. John Mills .Maj. Jonathan Haskelle Capt. Edward Butlers .Maj. T. H. Cushinge .Brig. Gen. William North .Lt. Col. T. H. Cushingb ..Maj. A. Y. Nichollb

.Lt. Col. Alexander Macomba .Brig. Gen. T. H. Cushing .Brig. Gen. Zebulon M. Pike Brig. Gen. W. H. Winderd .Brig. Gen. Daniel Parkerd ..Col. James Gadsden Capt. C. J. Noursea Col. Roger Jones Col. Samuel Cooper .Brig. Gen. Lorenzo Thomas ..Brig. Gen. E. D. Townsend .Brig. Gen. R. C. Drum .Brig. Gen. J. C. Kelton .Brig. Gen. Robert Williams .Brig. Gen. G. D. Ruggles .Brig. Gen. Samuel Breck Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin .Maj. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth .Maj. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth .Brig. Gen. William P. Hall .Brig. Gen. George Andrews .Maj. Gen. Henry P. McCain .Maj. Gen. Peter C. Harris .Maj. Gen. Robert C. Davis

.Maj. Gen. Lutz Wahl .Maj. Gen. Charles H. Bridges Maj. Gen. James F. McKinley .Maj. Gen. Edgar T. Conley ....Maj. Gen. Emory S. Adams

.Maj. Gen. James A. Ulio

.Brig. Gen. Edward F. Witsella .Maj. Gen. Edward F. Witsella .Maj. Gen. Edward F. Witsell .Maj. Gen. William E. Bergina .Maj. Gen. William E. Bergin

Maj. Gen. John A. Klein Maj. Gen. Herbert M. Jones Maj. Gen. Robert V. Lee

THE FINANCE CORPS

The Finance Corps provides financial services for the Army, and for the other Armed Services as directed.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. On 16 June 1776 the Continental Congress resolved "That there be one Paymaster General . . . for the Army." James Warren, a distinguished patriot, who at the time was President of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, was appointed the first PaymasterGeneral. He paid the American troops

under Washington while they were besieging the British in Boston. When the American Army moved south from Massachusetts, William Palfrey, then aide-de-camp to Washington, succeeded to the position, which he held until 1781. The Army's pay scale, at that time, started at six and two-thirds dollars a month for a private. However, in the absence of ready money, Congress issued printed promises to pay, which the troops had to accept in place of

cash, and which depreciated rapidly. It is a tribute to our soldiers that they won the Revolution on money that was "not worth a continental."

Shortly after the War of 1812 the Pay Department was reorganized. Up to that time line officers were detailed to pay the troops, and were only indirectly under the supervision of the Paymaster General. Under the new system, paymasters, usually with the rank of major, paid the regiments. During the Civil War more than one billion dollars were paid to soldiers, with a relatively low expense and with losses of less than one-tenth of one percent for the war period.

In 1912 the Pay, Commissary, and Quartermaster Departments were consolidated under the Quartermaster General of the Army. This agency, however, did not meet the needs of the Army in the financial field after we entered World War I. Accordingly the position of Director of Finance was created, and Brigadier General Herbert Lord appointed thereto. The organization which he set up became a permanent Finance Department in 1920. Unlike its predecessors it handled not simply military pay and travel expenditures, but all financial activities of the War Department, including centralized disbursing, auditing, accounting, and budgeting.

In 1933, President Roosevelt directed the Chief of Finance to assume responsibility for paying the Civilian Conservation Corps. This was a large undertaking, requiring sums greater than the amounts disbursed in the SpanishAmerican War.

During World War II the workload of the Finance Department expanded rapidly. To a greater extent than in any previous war, the Army provided finance services for its personnel. The Department had the immense task of making prompt payments to ten million persons at home and overseas, largely in combat areas and under very difficult conditions. It also provided leadership in reducing wasteful soldier spending through various means, including the sale of War Bonds. In 1945 such sales were over $125,000,000. At the peak of the war the Department had nearly 22,000 military and 15,000

of

civilian personnel. The handling allotments and family allowances was transferred from the Finance Department to the Office of Dependency Benefits in Newark, New Jersey, which employed more than 10,000 persons and mailed more than 8,000,000 checks monthly to soldiers' dependents. After the war this function was returned to the Chief of Finance.

In 1950 the Finance Department was redesignated the Finance Corps.

THE CORPS TODAY. The Chief of Finance has the mission of formulating, coordinating, and supervising the execution of plans and policies concerning Army finance matters. For his relations to the Comptroller of the Army and other agencies in the Department of the Army, see Chapter 3, "Department of the Army." His office is located in Washington, D.C. Under his direct command are the Finance Center, U.S. Army; the Finance and Accounts Office, U.S. Army; and the Finance School, U.S. Army.

of

OFFICE, CHIEF OF FINANCE. This office is concerned with the delevopment of systems and procedures relating to military pay and allowances, travel, commercial account payments, and civilian pay; the development of regulations covering the issuance checks and savings bonds, and the handling of cash; and the furnishing of advice and assistance to the Army disbursing network. It also handles the preparation and defense of budget estimates and the management of budget programs for military pay of the Army and related activities; long range planning for finance service; and the performance of career management for members of the Corps.

THE FINANCE CENTER, U.S. ARMY. This agency, located at Fort Benjamin Harrison (Ind.), performs various centralized finance functions for the Army, and one major function for the Air Force. Its principal responsibility is the payment of various types of allotments of pay, as authorized by members of the Army. It issues U. S. Savings Bonds for which allotments have been established. It pays retired members of the Army, and settles freight and passenger transportation and meal ticket bills for both

the Army and the Air Force. It examines and balances military pay records, and performs related accounting for the expenditures and collections. It maintains individual accounts with service members having soldiers' deposits. It settles claims for and against the United States, and acts as a centralized collection agency for delinquent indebtedness. It maintains financial records of inactivated activities, and clears discrepancies in disbursing officers' accounts.

THE FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS OFFICE, U.S. ARMY. This office is located in Washington, D.C. Its basic mission is accounting. It performs the Department of the Army level summary accounting and reporting for all appropriations, funds, and receipt accounts available to the Department, and prepares the consolidated statement of accountability for Army disbursing officers. It is involved in the appropriation and fund accounting for the Chief of Finance command organization. It also performs certain financial and accounting services for Department of the Army agencies.

FINANCE SCHOOL, U.S. ARMY. For details of this agency see chapter 8.

FINANCE ACTIVITIES ELSEWHERE IN THE ARMY. Financial management is a command responsibility. Therefore, finance and accounting offices are part of the staffs of major commands in CONUS and overseas. Officers of the Finance Corps serve as comptrollers and as finance and accounting officers in Army commands and in the technical services. Other have auditing, budgeting, and accounting duties. Finance Disbursing Sections provide service for mobile Army units. Enlisted members of the Corps have an important part in its activities.

The Chief of Finance has responsibility for technical supervision of these financial and accounting offices in the field. However, final responsibility for disbursement of funds lies with the command which incurred the obligations. This organizational arrangement

expedites the payment of bills and the related accounting.

PROCUREMENT OF OFFICERS. As regards a person applying for a commission in the Finance Corps, with or without concurrent active duty, the governing consideration is whether he has the technical qualifications. This would be evidenced, generally, by a degree of master of business administration, or by a baccalaureate degree with a major in accounting, business administration, commercial science, or related fields. In addition to academic background, related business experience is also desirable.

With respect to a person who holds a reserve commission and applies for active duty with the Corps, the governing consideration is whether he has the capacity for advanced professional development. Factors considered are: previous training at college level, in subjects related to finance and accounting; extensive military and/or civilian experience in accounting, banking, and finance; current enrollment in off-duty college or USAFI courses leading to a degree; attainment of a passing score on the Educational Requirements Test, or the Educational Development Test (college level); or favorable determination of college two-year equivalency evaluation by the Department of the Army.

CHIEFS OF SERVICE. The following have served

PAYMASTERS GENERAL (1775-1912)
Date appointed

27 Jun 1755 27 Apr 1776 17 Jan 1781 8 May 1792 1 Jul 1808 28 Aug 1819

1 Jun 1821

8 May 1822

20 Jul 1854 6 Sep 1862

James Warren .Lt. Col. William Palfrey .Lt. Col. John Pierce

...Caleb Swan

Robert Brent

.Nathan Towson Daniel Parker Col. Nathan Towson Col. B. F. Larned Col. T. P. Andrews Brig. Gen. B. W. Brice .Brig. Gen. Benjamin Alvord Brig. Gen. N. W. Brown .Brig. Gen. W. B. Rochester .Brig. Gen. William Smith .Brig. Gen. T. H. Stanton ..Brig. Gen. A. B. Carey ..Brig. Gen. A. E. Bates .Brig. Gen. Francis S. Dodge Brig. Gen. Culver C. Sniffen 1 Jan 1908 ...Brig. Gen. Charles H. Whipple

29 Nov 1864 1 Jan 1872 8 Jun 1880 17 Feb 1882 10 Mar 1890 27 Mar 1895 30 Jan 1899 12 Jul 1899 23 Jan 1904 11 Sep 1906

Period 1912-1920. In this period the functions of the Pay Department were performed by the Quartermaster Corps.

1 Jul 1920-30 Jun 1922

Chiefs of Finance (1920 to Date)

.Brig. Gen. H. M. Lord

■ Director of Finance 11 Oct 1918-30 Jun 1920.

1 Jul 1922-22 Apl 1928
23 Apl 1928-22 Apl 1932
23 Apl 1932-22 Apl 1936
23 Apl 1936-22 Apl 1940
23 Apl 1940-1 Jun 1945
14 Jul 1945-10 Feb 1949
11 Feb 1949-31 Mar 1951
28 Jul 1951-27 Jul 1955
28 Jul 1955-31 Mar 1956
18 May 1956-31 Aug 1958
1 Sep 1958-

.Maj. Gen. K. W. Walker .Maj. Gen. R. L. Carmichael .Maj. Gen. F. W. Coleman .Maj. Gen. F. W. Boschen .Maj. Gen. H. K. Loughry .Maj. Gen. W. H. Kasten .Maj. Gen. E. M. Foster .Maj. Gen. B. E. Sawyer ..Maj. Gen. J. B. Hess .Maj. Gen. H. W. Crandall . Maj. Gen. Paul A. Mayo

THE UNITED STATES WOMEN'S ARMY CORPS

The purpose of this agency is to provide a means by which American women can make a direct contribution of their skills and abilities to the United States Army, in peace and war.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. The Corps began as the "Women's Army Auxiliary Corps" authorized by an Act of Congress approved 14 May 1942. After operating for a year as an auxiliary agency, it was made a regular component of the Army of the United States by an act approved 1 July 1943, and was renamed "Women's Army Corps."

Basic training for recruits began at Fort Des Moines (Iowa) on 20 July 1942. Later it was carried on at four other points as well: Daytona Beach (Fla.), Fort Oglethorpe (Ga.), Fort Devens (Mass.), and Camp Ruston (La.), with sections of the latter at Camp Polk (La.) and Monticello (Ark.). Many graduates of basic training received advanced training at WAC and other Army schools as clerks, medical and laboratory technicians, specialists, signal technicians, and in many other specialized lines.

finance

Training of officer candidates also began at Fort Des Moines on 20 July 1942, with a class numbering 440 women. The members of this group, and the eight subsequent ones, were selected from civilian life. Thereafter all personnel for officer candidate training were chosen from the ranks of enlisted women. A total of 60 classes were trained at Forts Des Moines and Oglethorpe, the last graduates being commissioned on 17 November 1945. WAC officers also attended advanced Army schools-Adjutant General, Inspector General, Special Services, Finance, Quartermaster, and Command and General Staff.

WAC personnel served with the

Army Ground, Air, and Service Forces, the administrative and technical services, and the General Staff Corps. The first contingent of enlisted women ever to serve outside the continental United States arrived in North Africa on 27 January 1943. In all, during World War II, over 17,000 WAC's were on duty in oversea theaters, including Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, ChinaBurma-India, the Mediterranean, and the Pacific. At its peak (April 1945) the Corps had a strength of about 100,000, including 6,000 officers. Over 600 WAC's, mostly among those serving overseas, received decorations and awards; the highest award given was the Distinguished Service Medal, to Col. Oveta Culp Hobby, first Director of the Corps.

In the demobilization period after the war, many women who would have liked to make the Army their career nevertheless left the service, for the reason that the Corps had no permanent status. To remedy this situation an act of Congress, approved 12 June 1948, made the Corps a permanent part of both the Regular Army and the Organized Reserve Corps. Thereupon enlistments into the Regular Army began, and officers were processed for integration into it. The first basic class and the first officer candidate class (Regular Army) began training at Camp Lee (Va.) on 4 October 1948. On 18 December the President signed the first list of WAC officers to be integrated into the Regular Army.

After World War II the strength of the Corps remained at about 7,000 until the outbreak of hostilities in Korea. Then it began to expand again. Voluntary recall of enlisted WAC reservists and company grade officers began on 21 August 1950; involuntary recall was authorized in September;

recruiting objectives were raised; and by December of 1951 some 14,000 women were on active duty. Many were assigned to the Far East Command, to replace men who had been transferred to Korea.

In December, 1956, the Corps was redesignated United States Women's Army Corps.

THE CORPS TODAY. At the close of fiscal year 1957 there were 800 WAC officers, 43 warrant officers, and 7,136 enlisted women on active duty. They were assigned throughout the continental United States, and also in USAREUR, USARPAC/FE,

ARPAC/HAW.

and US

Enlisted women are utilized in 130 military occupational specialties in seven of the Army's ten occupational fields. They are continually being assigned to new areas of specialization in the Army-for example, Army Air Defense Command units so that, in case of mobilization, there will be a

nucleus of trained women in those fields. WAC commissioned officers and warrant officers are assigned in eight of the ten occupational fields. They are utilized in staff and operational assignments at all levels of staff and command. All officers are commissioned in the Corps, but many are detailed in other branches of the Army. The Director has the temporary rank of colonel, and is assigned to the Office of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, as advisor on WAC affairs.

Standards for enlistment are high, with emphasis placed on quality of recruits rather than quantity. Applicants for appointment as officers must meet high mental, educational, moral, and physical requirements. Training is conducted at the permanent U.S. Women's Army Corps Center at Fort McClellan (Ala.), which was established on 26 May 1954. Both officer and enlisted personnel attend advanced Army Schools.

DIRECTORS. The following have served as Directors of the WAAC, WAC and USWAC:

14 May 1942-12 Jul 1945

12 Jul 1945-5 May 1947

5 May 1947-3 Jan 1953 3 Jan 1953-3 Jan 1957 3 Jan 1957

Col. Oveta Culp Hobby .Col. Westray Battle Boyce Col. Mary A. Hallaren Col. Irene O. Galloway Col. Mary L. Milligan

THE ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE

The mission of the Army Medical Service is both the prevention (as far as practicable) and the treatment of disease and injuries, including wounds received in battle. Prevention involves sanitary and other protective measures, and also physical examinations to insure that only persons of prescribed standards of fitness are brought into or retained in the military service. To accomplish its mission the Service maintains and operates dispensaries, hospitals, training schools, and research establishments, and provides medical units for the Army's combat and service forces."

The Service also has important supply functions. In the course of its work it utilizes an immense variety of supplies and equipment, in the categories of drugs, biologicals, and official reagents;

surgical dressing material;

surgical, dental, X-ray, optical, and veterinary instruments, equipment, and supplies; hospital furniture, equipment, utensils, and supplies; medical field equipment and supplies.

The Service is headed by the Army Surgeon General. As the Chief of a technical service he is a staff officer of the Department of the Army, under the direct supervision and control of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics. However, on matters of health, medical care of troops, and the mobilization of professional military personnel, he has direct access to the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff.

The Office of the Surgeon General consists of an executive group (Special Assistant for Nuclear Energy, Comptroller, Inspector General, Provost Marshal, Legal Office, Special Assistant for Reserve Forces, Technical Liaison

For further information on the past and present activities of the Army Medical Service, and on the installations and personnel under its supervision, see chapter 15.

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