THE ARMY ALMANAC

Army retirement system inaugurated on a limited scale for officers.
Forts Hatteras and Clark, North Carolina, captured by Federal troops.
Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan appointed General-in-Chief of U. S.
Army, to succeed Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott.

Port Royal, South Carolina, captured by Navy.
-16 February, Henry and Donelson Campaign.
-9 July 1863, Mississippi River Campaign.
Confederacy adopts compulsory draft law.

Battle between ironclads Monitor and Merrimac, Hampton Roads.
Lincoln relieves McClellan as General-in-Chief without appointing
successor, but retains him as commander of Army of the Potomac.
Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck placed in command of the armies in
the west.

-7 April, Shiloh Campaign.

-17 June, (Shenandoah) Valley Campaign.

The Morrill Act grants public lands for establishment of colleges,
and requires that military tactics be part of curriculum.
Congress creates the Medal of Honor.

Halleck becomes General-in-Chief.

-2 September, Manassas Campaign.

-17 September, Antietam (Sharpsburg) Campaign.

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, exercising his au-
thority as Commander-in-Chief.

Lincoln appoints Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside commander of the
Army of the Potomac, replacing McClellan.

-15 December, Fredericksburg campaign.

-4 January 1863, Murfreesboro (Stone River) Campaign.
Gatling gun patented by Richard Jordan Gatling.

Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker replaces Burnside as commander of the
Army of the Potomac.

Signal Corps established.

Congress passes the Enrollment Act, the first national draft law. -4 July, Vicksburg Campaign.

-6 May, Chancellorsville Campaign.

Maj. Gen. George G. Meade replaces Hooker as commander of the
Army of the Potomac.

-3 July, Gettysburg Campaign.

-22 September, Chickamauga Campaign.

-27 November, Chattanooga Campaign.

Lincoln relieves Halleck as General-in-Chief, makes Ulysses S. Grant
General-in-Chief and promotes him to lieutenant general. Halleck
becomes Army Chief of Staff.

-7 May, Wilderness Campaign.
-2 September, Atlanta Campaign.
-21 May, Spottsylvania Campaign.
-3 June, Cold Harbor Campaign.

-2 April, 1865, Petersburg Campaign.

-12 July, Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's Confederate corps reaches outskirts of Washington, skirmishes briskly in vicinity of Fort Steven. and withdraws.

-28 November, Shenandoah Campaign.

-21 December, Sherman's "March to the Sea." Confederate forces evacuate Savannah on 21 December.

Battle of Franklin.

-16 December, Nashville Campaign.
Sherman begins

Carolinas.

march northward

Lincoln inaugurated for second term.

-9 April, Appomattox Campaign.

Union forces under Maj. Gen. Edward R. B. Canby capture Mobile,
Alabama.

President Lincoln is shot; dies next day.

Lee surrenders to Grant.

12 April

Maj. Gen. Howell Cobb, Confederate District of Georgia, surrenders
his command to Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson at Macon, Georgia.
General Joseph E. Johnston, Confederate Army of Tennessee, sur-
renders his command to Sherman near Raleigh, North Carolina.
Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor. Confederate Department of
Mississippi, and East Louisiana, surrenders his command to Canby
Alabama,
at Citronelle, Alabama.

General Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate Trans-Mississippi Depart-
ment, surrenders his command to Canby at Shreveport, Louisiana.
The Army performs occupational duties in the South. The South
is administered under military government until 1870, and from
then on the Army is ordered to maintain law and order during the
period in which civil control is restored.

Civil War officially ended by President Johnson.

Grand Army of Republic holds first national encampment
Indianapolis.

at

U.S. purchases Alaska from Russia. The Army is sent to establish military occupation, which lasts until June 1877.

"Wagon Box Fight."

Comanches Campaign.

Capt. Charles W. Raymond, C. E., explores Yukon River.

The weather service is established

Service.

as part of the Army Signal

Modocs Campaign.

Army adopts breech-loading rifle, Springfield model 1873.
Apaches Campaign (first phase).

Little Big Horn Campaign. Lt. Col. George A. Custer with five companies of 7th Cavalry surrounded and massacred on 25 June 1876. Nez Percés Campaign.

U. S. troops withdraw from their quarters in the Orleans_Hotel, near Louisiana State House, New Orleans, marking end of "Reconstruction" period.

Bannocks Campaign.

Cheyennes Campaign.

-November, 1880, Utes Campaign.

Maj. George N. Sternberg, army surgeon, discovers pneumococcus germ as result of long research.

Command and General Staff College established.

Greely Arctic Expedition under Lt. A. W. Greely, U. S. Army.
Lt. James B. Lockwood and Sgt. D. L. Brainard begin exploration
of north coast of Greenland by dog team.

Thirteen years' work completed on geographic-topographic surveys
in West by Army Engineers under Capt. George M. Wheeler.

Last spike driven at Cajon Pass on California-Southern Railway.
Army protected the workers from Indians along the route.
Apaches Campaign (second phase).

Maxim gun, forerunner of machine gun, tested successfully at Anna-
polis.

-January 1891, Pine Ridge Campaign.

Battle of Wounded Knee Creek against the Sioux; last major Indian battle in the U. S.

Miners' strike begins in Idaho. Following violence, martial law declared and Federal troops called in on 14 July.

Army adopts Krag-Jorgenson repeating rifle; its cartridge is the first adopted by Army which uses smokeless powder.

Beginning of Pullman Strike. Army called out in Chicago (Ill.) and in five other States.

-1898, Cuban insurrection against Spain, arousing increasing sympathy in U. S.

U.S.S. Maine blown up in Havana Harbor.

Army establishes safety zone in Alaska to protect life and property during gold rush.

Congress passes resolution proclaiming Cuba free and independent, and authorizing the President to use land and naval forces to expel Spain from the island.

President calls for 125,000 volunteers.

Congress declares that war with Spain has existed since 21 April.
Battle of Manila Bay.

Spanish fleet under Adm. Cervera enters Santiago Harbor.

11 July, Santiago Campaign.

Cervera's squadron, attempting to run American blockade, destroyed by U. S. fleet.

-13 August, Puerto Rico Campaign.

-13 August, Manila Campaign.

Spain signs U. S. peace protocol, ending hostilities. Treaty of Peace
signed in Paris on 10 December ceding Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico to U. S.

-17 March, Manila Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.
-12 February, Iloilo Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.
Congress fixes strength of Regular Army at 65,000.

-16 August, Malolos Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

-17 April, Laguna de Bay Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

-30 May, and 15 October-19 November, San Isidro Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

Zapote River Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

4 January-9 February, 1900, Cavite Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

-20 November, Tarlac Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.
-19 November, San Fabian Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.
-4 February, 1901, a commission of Army doctors headed by Dr.
Walter Reed discovers that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Tientsin Campaign, China Relief Expedition.

Yang-tsin Campaign, China Relief Expedition.

-15 August, Peking Campaign, China Relief Expedition.

Army War College established.

-31 December, 1904 and 22 October, 1905, Mindanao Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

An act of Congress, the "Dick Bill," is an important step in the development of the National Guard.

Congress establishes a General Staff Corps and provides for a Chief of Staff.

Army adopts Springfield rifle.

First Chief of Staff, Lt. Gen. S. B. M. Young, takes office.

Orville Wright flies 120 feet in a 12-second flight at Kitty Hawk (N. C.); first time that a machine carrying a man raises itself into the air in full flight by its own power.

6-8 March 1906, 11-15 June 1913, Jolo Campaign, Philippine Insurrection.

San Francisco hit by earthquake and fire. U. S. Army assumes control, establishes order, and organizes relief.

The Coast Artillery Corps and the Field Artillery are established as separate branches of the Army.

Signal Corps establishes Aeronautical Division to take "charge of
all matters pertaining to military ballooning, air machines, and all
kindred subjects."

War Department accepts its first military airplane.
Dental Corps established.

School of Fire established at Fort Sill, Oklahoma; redesignated the
Field Artillery School in 1919.

Compulsory typhoid vaccination adopted in the Army.

Floods in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers render many homeless. Army called out to alleviate suffering of refugees.

School of Musketry, forerunner of present Infantry School, established at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

U. S. forces occupy Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria and his wife assassinated at
Serajevo, Bosnia, by Serb nationalist.

Congress establishes Aviation Section in Signal Corps.
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia; beginning of World War I.
Panama Canal completed by Army Engineers under Col. George W.
Goethals, and first ocean steamer transits on 3 August. Project was
made possible by work of Col. William C. Gorgas in eliminating
yellow fever and malaria from Canal Zone.

British liner Lusitania torpedoed by German submarine with_loss
of 1,198, including 124 Americans, arousing strong feeling in U. S.
First military instruction camp for business men opens at Plattsburg.
(Previous "Plattsburg Camps" were for college and high school
students.)

-7 February 1917, Mexico 1916-1917 Campaign.

National Defense Act of 1916 provides, among other things, that the Army of the United States shall consist of the Regular Army, Volunteer Army, Officers' Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, National Guard while in the service of the United States, and such other land forces as are now or may hereafter be authorized by law.

Veterinary Corps established.

Germany notifies U. S. of resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare on 1 February. U. S. severs diplomatic relations 3 February. U. S. declares war on Germany.

The Selective Service Act provides for an emergency increase in the Army and for: (1) draft of National Guard into active service; (2) raising by draft of 500,000 enlisted men for service; and (3) an additional draft of 500,000 men for training.

Maj. Gen. John J. Pershing designated Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Pershing lands in France on 13 June.

First contingent of U. S. 1st Division (as First Expeditionary Divi-
sion) arrives at St. Nazaire, France.

Pershing establishes Line of Communications, AEF; redesignated
Services of Supply on 13 March 1918.

Maj. Gen. Tasker H. Bliss appointed Chief of Staff, U. S. Army.
First American artillery shot fired in World War I by Battery C,
6th Field Artillery.

Kerensky government overthrown by Bolshevik (October) Revolution, led by Lenin and Trotsky.

-4 December, Cambrai Campaign. This was the first major offensive in which American troops participated. The 11th, 12th, and 14th Engineer Regiments served with the British.

U. S. declares war on Austria-Hungary.

President Wilson outlines fourteen-point peace program which includes a proposal for a League of Nations.

Tank Corps established.

First number of The Stars and Stripes, service newspaper of the
AEF, issued in Paris.

-6 April, Somme Defensive Campaign.

General Ferdinand Foch appointed "to coordinate the operations of
the Allies on the whole Western Front." Receives official title of
Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies in France on 14 April.
-27 April, Lys Campaign.

Maj. Gen. Peyton C. March appointed Chief of Staff, U. S. Army.
-5 June, Aisne Campaign.

Capture of Cantigny by 1st Division, supported by American and
French artillery and French tanks and flamethrowers.

2d Division (with Marine brigade) counterattacks successfully
around Belleau Wood and Château-Thierry.

-13 June, Montdidier-Noyon Campaign.

Chemical Corps established.

-18 July, Champagne-Marne Campaign.

-6 August. Aisne-Marne Campaign.

-11 November, Somme Offensive Campaign.

U. S. troops land at Vladivostok as part of a joint Allied expedition. -11 November, Oise-Aisne Campaign.

-11 November, Ypres-Lys Campaign.

Murmansk Expedition (later designated

American Expeditionary

Force, North Russia) arrives at Archangel, Russia.
-16 September, St. Mihiel Campaign.

-11 November, Meuse-Argonne Campaign.

Military Police Corps established in the AEF.

November, Vittorio Veneto Campaign.

Armistice signed in Forest of Compiegne, France, at 5 AM, to take effect 11 AM.

American Third Army designated the Army of Occupation (Ger-
many).

Treaty of Versailles signed; never ratified by U. S.
Pershing designated General of the Armies.

American expedition to Siberia withdrawn.

Army Chemical Corps and Army Finance Department established.
War Department acts to extend general staff concept to field estab-
lishment.

Joint resolution of Congress declares war with Germany at end.
Senate approves separate treaty of peace, which was signed 25
August with Germany, officially closing World War I.

American Unknown Soldier (of World War I) buried at Arlington
National Cemetery.

American flag lowered from Fortress Ehrenbreitstein at Coblenz, end-
ing the American occupation of Germany.

First term of Army Industrial College opens.
Soldiers' Bonus Bill passed over President's veto.

An Act of Congress establishes the Air Corps of the U. S. Army.
Charles A. Lindbergh makes solo nonstop flight from Mineola, New
York, to Paris; time, 331⁄2 hours.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed at Paris, outlaws war as an instru-
ment of national policy.

Chief of Staff given rank of general by Congress.

-22 April. The London Naval Conference results in three-power
treaty between the United States, Great Britain, and Japan.
Japan marches into Manchuria in violation of Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Six Army bombers drop over five tons of rations to snowbound
Navajo Indians near Winslow, Arizona, saving hundreds of lives.
War Department Industrial Mobilization Plan, 1930, approved.
Capt. Albert F. Hegenberger, Army Air Corps, makes first solo air-
plane flight entirely by instruments.

Bonus Marchers in Washington dispersed by Army troops under
General Douglas MacArthur upon order of the President.
Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.

Civilian Conservation Corps established. Placed under Army control
10 April.
An Act of Congress (1) provides for National Guard Bureau; (2)
prescribes the organization of the National Guard and the Army
of the United States; and (3) provides for emergency use of National
Guard.

A General Headquarters Air Force established.
Garand rifle standardized.

Germany reoccupies Rhineland in violation of Treaty of Versailles.
Stratosphere flight made by Army pilots in balloon "Explorer" over
South Dakota, reaching an altitude of 14 miles.

Army issues new Protective Mobilization Plan.

Japanese airmen sink U. S. gunboat Panay in Chinese waters.
German Army invades Austria.

By the Munich Conference and Agreement Hitler acquires all of
Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

Czechoslovakia dismembered by Hitler and placed under German
protection.

German-Russian nonaggression pact signed at Moscow.
England and Poland sign mutual assistance pact.
Germany attacks Poland. Beginning of World War II.
The U. S. proclaims neutrality in the European War.
Limited national emergency declared by President.

An entire battalion is airborne for first time in American history
as Regular Army troops fly 500 miles in 38 bombers and land deep
in territory of "enemy."

Congress provides that service in the Army during time of war will
be for the duration plus six months.

War Department releases war material to Great Britain upon ap-
peal to U. S. Government by Prime Minister Churchill.
Armored Force established.

Test Parachute Platoon organized by Chief of Infantry.

Congress authorizes the President to call into active service members
of the reserve components for a period of 12 months.

Fifty American destroyers transferred to Great Britain in exchange
for lease of naval and air bases in British possessions in Western
Hemisphere.
the armed

Congress provides for Selective Service to increase

forces, and provides for: (a) draft quotas; (b) training of draftees.
Peacetime compulsory military service inaugurated when Secretary
of War Stimson draws number 158 from lottery bowl.
Congress passes Lend-Lease Act.

Air Corps Ferrying Command established; redesignated Air Transport
Command on 20 June 1942.

President Roosevelt proclaims an unlimited state of national emergency.

Army Air Forces established.

U. S. forces land in Iceland.

Military Police Corps established.

Atlantic Charter (joint declaration of peace aims) issued by Roose-
velt and Churchill.

Bill signed permitting Army to keep men in service 18 months or
longer.
U. Š. extends credit of $1 billion to Soviet Government for purchase
of American supplies.

"Pearl Harbor Day." Without warning, Japanese planes bomb Pearl
Harbor and Hickam and Wheeler Airfields on Oahu, and Midway
Island; and Japan declares war on the U. S. and Great Britain.
-10 May, 1942, Philippine Islands Campaign, World War II.
-26 May 1942, Burma 1942 Campaign.

-6 December 1943, Central Pacific Campaign.

United States declares a state of war with Japan.

Japanese bomb islands of Wake and Guam, Clark and Iba Airfields in the Philippines; invade Malaya and Thailand, and seize International Settlement at Shanghai.

Japanese bomb Nichols Field near Manila.

Japanese capture Guam, and begin landings on North Luzon.
Germany and Italy declare war on the United States.

Chennault's American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) enters com-
bat against Japanese in China.

Japanese begin main landings along coast of Lingayen Gulf on
Luzon, P. I.

-7 January 1942, Gen. Douglas MacArthur evacuates Manila and
withdraws to Bataan.

Japan captures Wake Island.

-14 January 1942, Anglo-American Conference (ARCADIA) meets in Washington.

-22 July, East Indies Campaign.
Siege of Bataan begins.

The Combined Chiefs of Staff (American and British), to conduct high-level control of war, are established; also the U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff.

American-British-Dutch-Australian

Java.

Command (ABDA) opens on

First convoy of American troops arrives in Northern Ireland.
Navy launches surprise air and surface attack against Japanese
bases on Gilbert and Marshall Islands.

Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell designated Chief of Staff to Supreme Com-
mander (Chiang Kai-Shek), China Theater.

Enemy submarine shells oil refinery near Santa Barbara (Cal.); first
and most serious of Japanese attacks on U. S. mainland.
ABDA Command dissolved.

Battle of Java Sea; organized Allied naval resistance in that area
collapses.

Japanese land at Salamaua and Lae, New Guinea; occupy Burma,
closing Burma Road; and complete the conquest of Java.

Antiaircraft Command established. War Department reorganized;
Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Services of Supply (later
Army Service Forces) established.

Army units land in Australia. MacArthur arrives 17 March.
Pacific Theater established.

MacArthur designated Allied Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific
Area; Adm. Chester Nimitz designated Commander-in-Chief, Pacific
Ocean Areas.

U. S. forces on Bataan surrender.

-3 September 1945, Air Offensive, Japan.

16 planes from carrier Hornet, led by Lt. Col James H. Doolittle,
bomb Tokyo.

Gen. Jonathan Wainwright forced to surrender unconditionally all
U. S. forces in the Philippines.

Battle of the Coral Sea.

Women's Army Corps (originally Women's Army Auxiliary Corps) established.

-24 August 1943, Aleutian Islands Campaign.

Battle of Midway.

Japanese land on Attu and Kiska, Aleutian Islands.

European Theater of Operations established.

U. S. air forces bomb oilfield at Ploesti, Rumania.

Japanese submarine shells Ft. Stevens Military Reservation at mouth of Columbia River; first foreign attack on a continental military installation since War of 1812.

Stilwell becomes commander of U. S. forces in CBI Theatre.

-4 May 1945, China Defensive.

4 July

4 July

-5 June 1944, Air Offensive, Europe.

-12 February 1943, Egypt-Libya Campaign.

-23 January 1943, Papua Campaign.

Transportation Corps established.

-21 February 1943, Guadalcanal Campaign.