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Office, Administrative Office, and the Chiefs of Corps) and ten major divisions (Personnel and Training, Medical Plans and Operations, Supply, Preventive Medicine, Nursing, Medical Statistics, Dental, Veterinary, Professional, and Medical Intelligence), and the Headquarters of the new Army Medical Research and Development Command.

The Research and Development Command, established by DA General Order No. 31, 23 August 1958, points up the increasing importance of Army medical research in the national effort. Brigadier General Joseph H. McNinch was named first Commander of the new organization. The Research and Development Division of the Army Surgeon General's Office became the Headquarters for the new command which will serve as a focal point for the direction of the Army Medical Service's worldwide research and development program to provide the Army with better preventive medicine measures and more effective and rapid treatment techniques. The commissioned officers of the Army Medical Service are distributed in six "corps" or groups: the Medical Corps, the Dental Corps, the Veterinary Corps, the Army Nurse Corps, the Medical Service Corps (pharmacists, optometrists, and specialists in administration, sanitary engineering, medical supply, and allied medical sciences), and the Army Medical Specialist Corps (dietitians, physical therapists, and occupational therapists). The professional functions of the several corps are indicated by their names. More specifically, the Medical Corps includes practitioners of general medicine, general surgery, and the various specialties-such as preventive medicine, neuropsychiatry, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, radiology, and orthopedic surgery. Aside from their professional duties, Army Medical Service officers may be assigned to perform administrative, staff and command functions connected with medical service.

Requirements for appointment as an Army Medical Service officer vary with the several corps. The Army provides no undergraduate medical, dental, or veterinary training; candidates for

those corps must have received their professional degrees from accredited civilian institutions. In other corps, a civilian degree or some equivalent experience approved by The Surgeon General is required. Additional standards as to age and physical and moral fitness must be met. The nature of the requirements also depends on whether the applicant seeks entrance to the Army Reserve (active or inactive status) or the Regular Army, and on whether he or she has had a previous appointment. (Full information on appointments to the various corps may be obtained from the Personnel Division, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C.)

Officers of the various corps, and enlisted personnel of the Army Medical Service, receive professional and military training at the Army Medical Service School; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Army Medical Service Meat and Dairy Hygiene School; United States Army Medical Optical and Maintenance Activity, and in Army hospitals. Officers are trained in basic and advanced military subjects appropriate to their corps and assignments. Medical officers are afforded opportunities to specialize in the various professional fields by means of residencies which follow military or civilian internship training. The Service is constantly improving and expanding the residency training program to provide sufficient training spaces for all approved applicants. Fellowship training is conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and the Surgical Research Unit, Brooke Army Medical Center. This training is for specially selected medical, dental, and veterinary corps officers. Enlisted personnel are trained in career patterns in the various technical fields of the medical service to qualify them as valuable assistants in the medical care team. Career patterns include X-ray, dental, and medical laboratory, operating procedures, preventive medicine, and medical supply. Courses designed to develop these enlisted technicians are conducted at the various installations

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mentioned above. Continuing and intensive applicatory and on-the-job training is also provided in all military occupational specialties at Army medical facilities throughout the world. Training in civilian institutions is avail

able to Regular Army personnel in those specialized areas not offered by medical service schools. Service school training is available to active Army, U. S. Army Reserve (not on active duty), and National Guard personnel.

SURGEONS GENERAL. The following have served as Surgeons General or equivalent

27 Jul 1775-17 Oct 1775

17 Oct 1775-9 Jan 1777

11 Apr 1777-3 Jan 1781 17 Jan 1781-3 Nov 1783 19 Jul 1798-15 Jun 1800 11 Jun 1813-15 Jun 1815

8 Apr 1818-17 Occ 1836 30 Nov 1836-15 May 1861 15 May 1861-14 Apr 1862 25 Apr 1862-18 Aug 1864

22 Aug 1864-30 Jun 1882
3 Jul 1882-10 Oct 1883
23 Nov 1883-6 Aug 1886
18 Nov 1886-16 Aug 1890
16 Aug 1890 4 Dec 1890
23 Dec 1890-29 May 1893
30 May 1893-8 Jun 1902
8 Jun 1902-7 Sept 1902
7 Sept 1902-14 Jan 1909
14 Jan 1909-27 Dec 1913
16 Jan 1914-3 Oct 1918
4 Oct 1918-31 May 1931
1 Jun 1931-31 May 1935
1 Jun 1935-31 May 1939
1 Jun 1939-31 May 1943
1 Jun 1943-31 May 1947
1 Jun 1947-31 May 1951
1 Jun 1951-31 May 1955
1 Jun 1955-

.Benjamin Church, Director General and Chief Physician of the Hospital of the Army John Morgan, Director General and Physician in Chief of the American Hospital

..William Shippen, Jr., Director General of the Military Hospitals

of the Continental Army

..John Cochran, Director General of the Military Hospitals

of the Continental Army James Craik, Physician General

James Tilton, Physician and Surgeon General Joseph Lovell, Surgeon General Thomas Lawson, Surgeon General Clement Alexander Finley, Surgeon General William Alexander Hammond, Brigadier General, Surgeon General

.Joseph K. Barnes, Brigadier General, Surgeon General Charles Henry Crane, Brigadier General, Surgeon General

Robert Murray, Brigadier General, Surgeon General John Moore, Brigadier General, Surgeon General Jedediah Hyde Baxter, Brigadier General, Surgeon General Charles Sutherland, Brigadier General, Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, Brigadier General, Surgeon General William Henry Forwood, Brigadier General, Surgeon General .. Robert Maitland O'Reilly, Brigadier General, Surgeon General .George H. Torney, Brigadier General, Surgeon General ....William Crawford Gorgas, Brigadier General and Major General, Surgeon General .Merritte Weber Ireland, Major General, The Surgeon General .Robert Urie Patterson, Major General, The Surgeon General Charles Ransom Reynolds, Major General, The Surgeon General

James Carre Magee, Major General, The Surgeon General Norman T. Kirk, Major General, The Surgeon General .Raymond W. Bliss, Major General, The Surgeon General .George E. Armstrong, Major General, The Surgeon General Silas B. Hays, Major General, The Surgeon General

THE CHAPLAINS

The Army chaplain fulfills the role of religious ministry to the Army on a worldwide scale. Wherever our troops are stationed, at home or overseas, the chaplain is at hand to bring them spiritual guidance, and to minister to their needs.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. The Army Chaplains came into existence on 29 July 1775. On that date the Second Continental Congress conferred official status on clergymen serving as chaplains in the Army, by fixing their pay at $20.00 a month (the same as the pay of a captain). From then on they have served in all of our wars. However, for many years their primary missionfurnishing spiritual ministrations-suffered because of the many other tasks assigned to them. In the 1840's, for example, they were required by law to "perform the duties of schoolmaster" at Army posts. They often acted as

librarians as well. As late as World War I the operation of the post exchange and the unit post office, the sale of War Bonds, and the supervision of athletics were among the miscellaneous activities to which chaplains were asked to devote their time.

Following World War I, however, this situation progressively improved. An important contributing factor was the establishment in 1920 of the Office of the Chief of Chaplains, as a headquarters from which the increasingly important religious program of the Army could be directed.

That program received further impetus in World War II. The churches, sending their clergymen in great numbers to accompany their membership serving in the Armed Forces, stated emphatically concerning the spiritual life of the soldiers: "They shall not march alone"; and the Army came to recog

nize, more fully than at any time in the past, the spiritual responsibilities of its chaplains and their vital importance. Nearly 9,000 of them saw service during the war, and their ministrations were made available to our troops on a scale never before attempted. Similarly, in the Korean conflict they were able to carry into the fighting zone the worship services and other spiritual ministrations which are an integral part of our country's heritage.

Today the Army's religious program is strong and secure, with the primarily religious function of its chaplains fully recognized.

In their dedicated service to their fellowmen, 279 of our Army chaplains have given their lives in the course of our history. Some were killed in action; some died as a result of wounds, disease, prisoner-of-war confinement, or from other causes. Many other chaplains have been decorated for gallantry or for distinguished service.

THE CHAPLAINS TODAY. By religious affiliation, the chaplains fall into one of the three major categories of Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish. The Protestant chaplains are drawn from a number of different denominations. Numerical allocation by faith and denomination is in proportion to membership strengths as reported by the various religious bodies of the United States. Currently the Army carries a total of some 1,200 "soldiers of God" on its active-duty roster. This is a ratio of about one chaplain to every 850 enlisted personnel and officers. The presence of military dependents at most Army installations has greatly increased the number of persons to be served, and has widened correspondingly the scope of chaplains' duties. Those duties are of five principal kinds: religious services, religious education, pastoral activities, character guidance, and community relations.

WORSHIP SERVICES AND OTHER RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. Chaplains conduct worship services at least once a week, on the Sabbath, and often sev

eral times during the week as well. In addition to a general Protestant service, a Protestant chaplain may conduct a separate service for the members of his own denomination. Marriages, baptisms, funerals, and other special religious ceremonies are also performed by the chaplain, as a part of his duties as a clergyman in uniform.

Through the religious services and other chapel activities that it provides, the Army tries to bring to the soldier, wherever the conditions of military service permit, the familiar surroundings of the church or synagogue in his home community. This is considered to be a factor of primary importance in watching over his moral welfare and encouraging his spiritual growth.

A special feature of the Army religious program is the conduct of retreats, which give servicemen and women an opportunity to gain spiritual refreshment through participation in special religious activities over a period of several days. Retreats for members of the three major faiths are held at three main retreat centers in Berchtesgaden (Germany), Oiso, (Japan) and Seoul, (Korea). In addition, Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish retreats are regularly scheduled at many Army installations.

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. The chaplain administers a comprehensive program of religious education through Sunday or Sabbath Schools, catechism classes, Bible study groups, and allied activities. Audio-visual aids are an important element of the instruction.

PASTORAL ACTIVITIES. Counseling interviews, visits to parishioners at home or in barracks, hospital visitations, visits to men in prison, and other aspects of pastoral care occupy a prominent place among the chaplain's duties.

CHARACTER GUIDANCE. Each month the Chaplain gives an hour or more of instruction in character development, as a regular part of the Army training program. It is designed to educate men in the ethical concepts. and to show them the importance of

one

7 An outstanding instance is that of the four chaplains-two Protestant, one Roman Catholic, and Jewish-who gave their life jackets to other men aboard the torpedoed and sinking troop transport, SS Dorchester, on the morning of 3 February 1943, and in so doing sacrificed their own lives. Survivors reported seeing the chaplains standing together on deck, linked arm-in-arm, with voices raised in prayer, as the ship made her final plunge.

loyalty to duty, to honor, to country, and to God. Military character guidance fortifies the servicemen's Code of Conduct-particularly Article 6 of the Code, which states: "I will never forget that I am an American fighting man, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America."

COMMUNITY RELATIONS. By maintaining liaison with religious leaders and groups in civilian communities located near Army installations, chaplains seek to foster relationships which can be of mutual benefit.

CHAPELS. There are over 800 Army chapels, of permanent or semi-permanent construction, in the United States and overseas. This number is augmented by scores of temporary structures erected for small units in the more isolated locations. Some of the larger permanent-type chapels are designated "chapel centers." They are usually made up of a main chapel, a chaplain's office, classrooms, a large assembly room for social events, and a kitchen and dining

area.

ORGANIZATION. The United States Army Chaplain Branch is composed of chaplains of the Regular Army, the

United States Army Reserve, and the National Guard.

The Office of the Chief of Chaplains is the headquarters for administration of the Army chaplains. Details of administration are handled through staff chaplains assigned to the major Army commands throughout the world. Courses of study for chaplains are conducted at the U. S. Army Chaplain School, Fort Slocum, New York. Chaplains newly entered on active duty receive their basic instruction at the School; others come there for advanced training, at intervals during their service careers.

Every Army chaplain must be a priest, minister, or rabbi endorsed by the religious faith or denomination to which he belongs. There are slight differences in age requirements, according to whether the appointment is in the Regular Army, Reserve, or National Guard.

The Army chaplain is a member of the commanding officer's staff, serving as advisor on all matters pertaining to the religious life and morals of the members of the command. Authority invested in the military commander applies only to the military relationship. Ecclesiastically the chaplain is governed by the laws and tenets of his church.

CHIEFS OF CHAPLAINS. The following have served

1920-1927

1927-1928 1929-1933

1933-1937

23 Dec 1937-1 Apr 1945 17 Jul 1945-2 Aug 1949 19 Sept 1949-29 Apr 1952 29 Apr 1952-30 Apr 1954 1 May 1954-31 Oct 1958 1 Nov 1958

.Chaplain (Col.) John T. Axton (Congregationalist) . Chaplain (Col.) Edmund P. Easterbrook (Methodist Episcopal) ..Chaplain (Col.) Julian E. Yates (Northern Baptist) .Chaplain (Col.) Alva J. Brasted (Northern Baptist) Chaplain (Maj. Gen.) William R. Arnold (Roman Catholic) Chaplain (Maj. Gen.) Luther D. Miller (Protestant Episcopal)

Chaplain (Maj. Gen.) Roy H. Parker (Southern Baptist) .Chaplain (Maj. Gen.) Ivan L. Bennett (Southern Baptist) . Chaplain (Maj. Gen.) Patrick J. Ryan (Roman Catholic) . Chaplain (Maj. Gen.) Frank A. Tobey (American Baptist)

THE INSPECTORS GENERAL

In every Army there must be an agency whose duty is to make periodic inspections and checks of the performance of other Army agencies in a specified wide variety of fields. This function, in our Army, is performed by The Inspector General of the Army and his organization, known collectively as "The Inspectors General."

8 See chapter 21, "Prisoners of War."

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. The office of the Inspector General of the Army was created by law on 13 December 1777, by a resolution of the Continental Congress, which included the statement". . . that it is essential to the promotion of discipline in the American Army, and to the reformation of the various abuses which pre

For the benefit of readers not familiar with military matters, it must be emphasized that inspectors general are not the only Army agency which "makes inspections." On the contrary, it is fundamental that the commander of any unit, and also various of his staff officers, must make frequent personal inspections of all the unit's activities which are within their respective fields of interest. The work of inspectors general, described in more detail below, is an important but specialized aspect of this overall supervision,

vail in the different departments, that an appointment be made of inspectors general agreeable to the practice of the best disciplined European armies." Somewhat later, Congress provided that the Inspector General and his assistants would be subject to Congress, to the Board of War, and to the Commander-in-Chief.

Baron von Steuben, a Prussian army officer and former aide to Frederick the Great, who had come to America in 1777 to offer his services to the Revolutionary forces, was made Inspector General in the following year, with the rank of major general.10 His stated duties were: "To muster the troops monthly, noting the number and condition of the men, their discipline and drill, state of arms and equipment, clothing, ration, etc., to reject all unserviceable recruits and to discharge or transfer to the invalid corps all men disabled in the service, and to report all abuses, neglect and deficiencies to the Commander in Chief, the commander of the organization and to the Board of War." In fact, he also acted as an organizer and as a senior drillmaster and instructor in the art of war; duties which today are performed by other agencies. He made invaluable contributions to the discipline, tactics, and general efficiency of the Army, and in the latter part of the war was a commander of troops.

In the post-Revolutionary period the position of Inspector General was perpetuated. One of those holding it was Alexander Hamilton, who was appointed in 1798 when trouble with France seemed imminent. The Act of 3 March 1813 established the "Inspector General's Department" with an Inspector General of the Army and 24 subordinates. It also provided for the detail of inspectors general to serve with large tactical and geographical military commands, and for frequent inspections of all elements of the Army. In various guises, this basic plan has been followed ever since.

There were 215 officers detailed in the Inspector General's Department in World War I. Under the Reorganization Act of 4 June 1920, the Depart

ment consisted of The Inspector General and 61 other officers, which number could be increased or decreased 15 percent at the discretion of the President. From 1920 to 1939 the strength of the Department changed but little and the mission remained the same. In 1940, each commander of a division or larger unit was allotted an inspector general, who was under his direct control.

During World War II the Inspector General's Department expanded to a maximum of 1,267 officers. Within the Office of The Inspector General, the Special Inspections Division inspected troop units before they went to ports of embarkation, to see that their organization and equipment were in accordance with War Department regulations and with conditions in the theater to which they were going. The overseas Inspections Division sent its members all over the world, to look into complaints made to the War Department. The Procurement and Construction Inspections Division investigated procurement activities and cost-plus-fixed-fee construction work.

The Army Organization Act of 1950 provided for the detail of officers as inspectors general, but not for an "Inspector General's Department" as such. That term is therefore no longer used.

THE AGENCY TODAY. It consists of The Inspector General of the Army and such other officers as are authorized by law or regulations and are detailed as prescribed. The Inspector General of the Army and his staff are part of the Department of the Army, and are confidential agents of the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff. The staffs of divisions, and of other units of comparable or larger size, likewise normally have inspectors general who are confidential agents of their respective commanders. A commander whose staff includes an inspector general may designate officers temporarily to perform the duties of inspectors general, or to assist regularly detailed inspectors general.

SPHERES OF INQUIRY. The mission of The Inspector General of the Army is to inquire into and report upon matters which pertain to the discipline, economy, and efficiency of the

10 Three other officers had previously carried the title of Inspector General, but von Steuben was the first to perform its functions.

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