網頁圖片
PDF
ePub 版

Unit Histories

The Angels, a History of the 11th Airborne Division, 1943-1946, by Edward M. Flanagan. The Infantry Journal Press, Washington, D.C., 1948.

13TH AIRBORNE DIVISION (AUS)

Traditional Designation: None

Shoulder Sleeve Insignia: A winged unicorn in gold on a blue shield; over the shield is a tab with the word Airborne

Lineage

Activated in the Army of the United States 13 August 1942 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina Inactivated 25 February 1946 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina

COMBAT RECORD

World War II

Overseas: January 1945

Campaigns: Central Europe

Casualties: Not listed

Commanders:

Maj Gen Elbridge G. Chapman, Jr.

(Commanding division at termination of hostilities, 8 May 1945)

Returned to United States: August 1945

Unit Histories

November 1943

History and Pictorial Record of the 13th Airborne Division, edited by Lt. Col. William J. Blythe. Albert Love Enterprises, Atlanta, Georgia, 1946.

17TH AIRBORNE DIVISION (RA)

Nickname: Thunder from Heaven; Golden Talon Division a Shoulder Sleeve Insignia: A black disc containing a stretching claw in gold; above the disc a tab in the form of an arc contains the word Airborne

Lineage

Activated in the Army of the United States 15 April 1943 at Camp Mackall, North

Carolina

Inactivated 14 September 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts

Designated a Regular Army division and activated at Camp Pickett, Virginia 6 July 1948 Inactivated 10 June 1949 at Camp Pickett, Virginia

Overseas: August 1944

COMBAT RECORD
World War II

Campaigns: Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe (with arrowhead)
Casualties: 6,745; KIA-1,191; WIA-4,904; DOW-191

Commanders:

Maj Gen William M. Miley

(Commanding division at termination of hostilities, 8 May 1945) Unit Histories

.April 1943

Thunder from Heaven, Story of the 17th Airborne Division, 1943-1945, by Don Raymond Pay. Boots, The Airborne Quarterly, Birmingham, Michigan, 1947.

82D AIRBORNE DIVISION (RA)

Nickname: All-American a

Shoulder Sleeve Insignia: A red square on which is superimposed a blue circle containing the white letters AA in monogram style. A tab in the form of an arc containing the word Airborne reaches from the right corner to the left corner above the square

Lineage

Organized as 82d Division 25 August 1917 at Camp Gordon, Georgia

Demobilized 27 May 1919 at Camp Mills, New York

Reconstituted in the Organized Reserves 24 June 1921

Ordered into active military service as 82d Infantry Division 25 March 1942
Redesignated 82d Airborne Division 15 August 1942

Allotted to the Regular Army 15 November 1948

[blocks in formation]

(Commanding division at termination of hostilities, 11 November 1918)

Returned to United States: May 1919

a See footnote a to 1st Infantry Division. b See footnote b to 1st Infantry Division.

.28 March 1918 .23 August 1918

.4 October 1918

World War II

Overseas: April 1943

Campaigns: Sicily, Naples-Foggia, Normandy (with arrowhead), Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland (with arrowhead), Central Europe

Casualties: 9,073; KIA-1,619; WIA-6,560; DOW-332

Commanders:

Maj Gen Matthew B. Ridgway

Brig Gen James M. Gavin

Maj Gen James M. Gavin

(Commanding division at termination of hostilities, 8 May 1945) Returned to United States: January 1946

Decorations

June 1942

.27 August 1944

20 October 1944

Streamer, Distinguished Unit Citation, embroidered STE MERE EGLISE (World War II) Streamer, French Croix de Guerre with Palm, embroidered STE MERE ÉGLISE (World War II)

Streamer, French Croix de Guerre with Palm, embroidered COTENTIN (World War II) Fourragere in the Colors of the French Croix de Guerre (1939-1945) (World War II) Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in the ARDENNES (World War II)

Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in BELGIUM and GERMANY (World War II)

Belgian Fourragere (1940) (World War II)

Streamer, Netherlands Military Order of William (Degree of the Knight of the Fourth Class), embroidered NIJMEGEN 1944 (World War II)

Netherlands Orange Lanyard (World War II)

Unit Histories

Saga of the All American. Albert Love Enterprises, Atlanta, Georgia, 1946.

A Fighting Heart, by Henry L. Covington. Ted Davis Company, Fayetteville, North Carolina, 1949.

101ST AIRBORNE DIVISION (RA)

Nickname: Eagle or Screaming Eagle Division a

Shoulder Sleeve Insignia: White eagle's head with a gold beak on a black shield. A tab in the form of an arc containing the word Airborne reaches from the right to the left corner above the shield

Lineage

Partially organized as 101st Division October-November 1918

Demobilized December 1918

Reconstituted in the Organized Reserves 24 June 1921
Organized November 1921 at Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Redesignated 101st Infantry Division 11 July 1941

Withdrawn from the Organized Reserves 15 August 1942 and allotted to the Army of the United States; concurrently redesignated 101st Airborne Division and activated at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana

Inactivated 30 November 1945 in Europe

Designated a Regular Army division and activated 6 July 1948 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky

Inactivated 27 May 1949 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
Activated 25 August 1950 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
Inactivated 1 December 1953 at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky
Activated 15 May 1954 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina

Overseas: September 1943

COMBAT RECORD
World War II

Campaigns: Normandy (with arrowhead), Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland (with arrowhead), Central Europe

Casualties: 9,328; KIA-1,766; WIA-6,388; DOW-324

[blocks in formation]

(Commanding division at termination of hostilities, 8 May 1945)

Inactivated in Europe: 30 November 1945

Decorations

.August 1942 .14 March 1944 .31 May 1944

.5 December 1944 ..27 December 1944

Streamer, Distinguished Unit Citation, embroidered NORMANDY (World War II) Streamer, Distinguished Unit Citation, embroidered BASTOGNE (World War II) Cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgian Army for action at Bastogne (World War II) Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in FRANCE-BELGIUM (World War II)

Belgian Fourragere (1940) (World War II)

Streamer, French Croix de Guerre with Palm, embroidered NORMANDY (World War II) Netherlands Orange Lanyard (World War II)

a See footnote a to 1st Infantry Division.

• General MoAuliffe was not the assigned division commander but was acting in the temporary absence of General Taylor during the now famous incident at Bastogne.

Unit Histories

Bastogne, the Story of the First Eight Days, by Samuel L. A. Marshall. The Infantry Joural Press, Washington, D.C., 1948.

Rendezvous with Destiny, a History of the 101st Airborne Division, by Leonard Rapport. The Infantry Journal Press, Washington, D. C., 1948.

Paratrooper Padre, by Chaplain Francis L. Sampson. Catholic University of America Press, 1948.

1ST CAVALRY DIVISION (RA)

Traditional Designation: The First Team a

Shoulder Sleeve Insignia: Large shield of cavalry color, yellow, with black diagonal bar and thoroughbred horse's head in upper left corner

Lineage

Activated 13 September 1921 at Fort Bliss, Texas

Redesignated 1st Cavalry Division, Special, 4 December 1943
Redesignated 1st Cavalry Division 25 March 1949

COMBAT RECORD

World War II

Overseas: May 1943

Campaigns: Leyte (with arrowhead), New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Luzon
Casualties: 4,055; KIA-734; WIA-3,311; DOW-236

[blocks in formation]

(Commanding division at termination of hostilities, 2 September 1945)

Entered Combat: 18 July 1950

Korea

Campaigns: UN defensive, UN offensive, CCF intervention, First UN counteroffensive, CCF spring offensive, UN summer-fall offensive, Second Korean winter Casualties: 16,498; KIA-2,823; WIA-12,378; DOW-292

Commanders:

Maj Gen Hobart Gay

Brig Gen Charles D. Palmer

Maj Gen Charles D. Palmer

Maj Gen Thomas L. Harrold

.September 1949 .5 February 1951 .23 February 1951 .17 July 1951

(Commanding division at time of its return to Japan, 22 December 1951) The first Cavalry Division has served in the Far East since departing the United States in 1943.

Decorations

Streamer, Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 (World War II) Streamer, Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, embroidered WAEGWAN-TAEGU Streamer, Bravery Gold Medal of Greece, embroidered KOREA

Unit Histories

The First was First, by Harold D. Steward. Santo Tomas University Press, Manila, Philippine Islands, 1945. The 1st Cavalry Division in World War II, by Bertram C. Wright. Toppan Printing Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1947.

The First Team, the 1st Cavalry Division in Korea. Albert Love Enterprises, Atlanta, Georgia, 1952.

a See footnote a to 1st Infantry Division.

Chapter 29

MINOR WARS AND DOMESTIC DISTURBANCES

In periods between major wars the Armed Forces of the United States have participated in numerous minor wars, campaigns, and expeditions, and have been called upon from time to time to assist in maintaining law and order.

These activities tend to fall into three categories: conflicts with foreign states, conflicts with the Indians, and domestic disturbances. The events presented in this chapter are traced chronologically within each of these classifications.1

CONFLICTS WITH FOREIGN STATES

These include the followingNaval War with France, 1798-1800 Barbary Wars, 1801-5 and 1815 Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1807 Sabine Affair, 1836

Canadian Border incidents, 1837-40, 1859,

1866, 1870

Troubles with Mexico, 1859 and 1861-7
Philippine Insurrection, 1890-1902
Campaigns against the Moros, 1902-4, 1905:
1906, 1913

China Relief Expedition, 1900-01
Mexican Border troubles, 1911-19
Campaigns in the Caribbean and other
areas, 1900-34

NAVAL WAR WITH FRANCE, 17981800. In the European conflict that grew out of the French Revolution, the United States was caught between conflicting demands by France and Great Britain. France chose to regard Jay's Treaty (1794) between the United States and Great Britain as evidence of American pro-British policy. She therefore retaliated by seizing American shipping and performing other hostile acts. In the undeclared naval war that followed (1798-1800) the United States seized 115 French privateers and recovered 70 American merchantmen. These losses, and fear of an open alliance between the United States and Great Britain,

led France to negotiate the Convention of 1800 which ended the conflict.

BARBARY WARS, 1801-05 AND 1815. In the 1780's and 1790's American merchantmen in the Mediterranean were subjected to the depredations of the piratical Barbary States, despite payment of the customary annual tribute. Tripoli declared war on the United States in 1801. An American fleet effectively blockaded the port of Tripoli from 1803 to 1805, and a land expedition, organized by William Eaton, captured Derna in eastern Tripolitania and threatened to take the city of Tripoli. The Bey was forced to agree to peace terms 4 June 1805, including the termination of tribute payments.

Algiers, taking advantage of American naval weakness before and during the War of 1812, seized American shipping and compelled increased annual tribute. When the War of 1812 ended, the United States dispatched a naval force, under Commodores Stephen Decatur and William Bainbridge, which forced Algiers to submit to humiliating peace terms in 1815.

1 Certain incidents, such as the Patriots War (1837-40), the Fenian Invasion of Canada (1866), and the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), which some historians class as domestic disturbances, are treated here as conflicts with foreign States.

CHESAPEAKE-LEOPARD AFFAIR, 1807. The British warship Leopard opened fire on the American frigate Chesapeake on 22 June 1807 when Commodore James Barron refused to surrender four alleged British deserters in the American crew. Unprepared for combat, his ship disabled, and having suffered 21 casualties, Barron surrendered one deserter (who was hanged) and three American seamen. In 1811, after long negotiations, Great Britain disavowed the act, made reparations, and returned two seamen, the third having died.

SABINE AFFAIR, 1836. During the Texas War of Independence Brig. Gen. Edmund P. Gaines, commander of the Western Department, was informed that American settlements on the Texas border were in danger of Mexicanincited Indian attacks. Therefore, in April 1836, Gaines called upon Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky for militia. On 10 July 1836 he moved several hundred men 50 miles across the Sabine River into Texas and occupied Nacogdoches. Gaines' action was not supported by President Jackson, the anticipated attacks did not develop, and the troops were withdrawn on 17 December 1836.

CANADIAN BORDER INCIDENTS, 1837-40, 1859, 1866, 1870. In November 1837, "Canadian Patriots," members of an American society favoring annexation to the United States or independence for parts of Canada, invaded a Canadian island in the Niagara River. Canadians seized the Caroline, an American steamer, and sent it over Niagara Falls to prevent its use by the Patriots. From then until 1840 similar warlike incidents occurred along the border, as a result of which the Army was called upon to restore order. Brig. Gen. Winfield Scott, commander of the Eastern Department, played a major role in suppressing the Patriots and in bringing peace to the border.

General Scott was also instrumental in negotiating the peaceful conclusion of two disputes with the British concerning the Canadian-American boundary. The Aroostook War (1838-39) grew out of the vague definition, in the treaty of 1783, of the Maine-New Brunswick border, The San Juan dispute (1859),

which arose from differing interpretations of the Convention of 1846 concerning possession of the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound, ended in a joint military occupation.

In 1866 and 1870 the Fenians, an IrishAmerican organization favoring the independence of Ireland, assembled armed bands at various points along the border for the purpose of invading Canada. Invasions occurred at several places, notably near Buffalo (1866) and Franklin, Vermont (1870); and were abortive elsewhere, as at Campo Bello Island (1866), by reason of prompt action by the Regulars, who intervened to curb Fenian activities and disperse the armed bands.

TROUBLES WITH MEXICO, 1859 AND 1861-67. In 1859 Mexican bandits led by Juan Cortinez attacked and blockaded Brownsville, Texas, after the Army had abandoned nearby Fort Brown. Regulars, including the 3d Artillery, drove off the outlaw band.

Shortly after the beginning of the Civil War, France, Great Britain, and Spain undertook armed intervention in revolution-torn Mexico, ostensibly to restore order and collect debts owing their nationals. Great Britain and Spain shortly withdrew, but Napoleon III's forces seized the country and established a monarchy with Maximilian of Austria as Emperor. The United States protested this violation of the Monroe Doctrine but could take no action until 1866, when 50,000 troops under Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan were concentrated on the border to back up the demand for an immediate recall of French troops. France complied in 1867. The republican forces of Benito Juárez were quickly triumphant, and Maximilian was executed on 19 June 1867.

PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION, 18991902. During the War with Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo (who had led an unsuccessful insurrection in 1896-97) organized a native army in the Philippines and secured control of several islands, including much of Luzon. Cession of the Philippines to the United States (Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898) disappointed many Filipinos, and on 4 February 1899 Aguinaldo's followers clashed with American troops near Manila. The Americans, numbering about 12,000 com

« 上一頁繼續 »